Brassica rapa plants Essay

Abstract In this experiment, intraspecific competition was tested which is when members of the same species compete for a same resource. The experiment tested was to see if intraspecific competition using differing densities affected the growth rate of Brassica rapa plants. Brassica rapa are a type of mustard plant also considered the â€Å"fast plants† because they grow within a 6-12 week period. They were used for this experiment due to their fast and easy growing process. Past experiments were observed beforehand and according to those, one density would further the survival rate more than the other. The Brassica rapa seeds were planted and observed over time to study the growth rates between a high and low density. The lower density was expected to have the higher survival and growth rate before starting the experiment. The findings in this particular experiment came out to show extremely similar results to previously tested experiments. While the height did not differ between high and low densities, the survival rate and number of flowers produced was significantly different. Introduction Competition plays a huge role in life’s organisms, especially when it comes to plants. A more specific type is intraspecific competition, in which members of the same species compete for the same resource, which is what this experiment involves. Intraspecific competition is important because when plants of the same group are competing for the same resources in the same living place survival rate can decrease greatly, their need for the immediate resource may run out due to other competing members (Aspbury et al., 2013). The purpose for compiling this experiment was to determine if this intraspecific competition affected the growth and development of the Brassica rapa plant at differing high and low densities. The Brassica rapa was used because it can be easily tested, and completes their life cycle within six weeks after planting (Aspbury et al,. 2013). Predictions could be made based off past experiments that used Brassica rapa as well. According to these similar experiments one would conclude that the high density seeds produce less plants, however seem to produce a greater biomass (total mass of once living material) amount. Whereas low density would do just the  opposite and produce a lower biomass level going on to produce a larger number of flowers, increase in height, and so essentially obtaining a greater survival rate than that of the higher density. The hypothesis states that the low density would essentially have a higher growth and survival rate than that of the high density. Of course all these experiments differ in terms of density variability, but all testing the same issue of high vs. low density on Brassica rapa. Methods The experiment was conducted by first obtaining Brassica rapa seeds (using the Brassica rapa plant because it grows within a 6-12 week period, AKA: the â€Å"fast plant†). Two treatments were then carefully put together, one pot consisting of low density seeds while the other contained high density seeds. Two low density seeds, and ten high density seeds were then planted. After planting the differing seeds in separate pots the pot was then filled about halfway with Miraclegro potting soil. After that six fertilizer balls were added to each and watered it just enough to dampen and pack in the soil. We then fill the rest of the pot up with soil and water it again. After the soil is dampened and the pot is completely filled, small holes were poked for all the seeds making sure they are spaced out evenly. Then made sure all the seeds were covered in the soil and watered them once again. The pots were labeled by which one has high density and which has low, so that we were able to observe the growing rate and survival for each, recording them in a data table. We then place the labeled pots on a thin layer of gravel in a plastic box making sure there is enough water filling the box. We kept them under a warm light making sure they were no closer than 6-8 centimeters from the light. This helps them grow in what would be considered normal growing conditions for a plant. Using a chi – square test which involves the comparison of frequency distributions, the results were then analyzed. Each week we observed and recorded the results for height, number of pods (flowers), and density. Results Mean Proportion Surviving: From our analysis after three weeks, our results indicated there was a significant difference in proportion surviving between the low-density and  high-density treatments (unpaired t test: t: 4.908, DF=499.451, P= .0001). Plants in the low-density treatment had significantly higher proportion surviving than those in the high-density treatment (Figure 1: mean +/- s.e. proportion surviving: low-density= .837+/- .017; high-density= .721+/- 0166). Mean Flowers Per Plant: From our analysis after four weeks, it was found that there was a significant difference in the average amount of flowers per plant between the low and high-density treatments (unpaired t-test: t= 3.748, DF= 353.359, P= .0001). Plants in the low-density treatment had significantly more flowers per plant than those in the high-density treatment (Figure 2: mean+/- s.e. mean plant height: low-density= 2.427+/- .219; high-density= 1.507+/- .109). Meant Plant Height: From our analysis after six weeks, our results indicated there was not a significant difference in mean plant height between the low and high-density treatments (unpaired t test: t= .020, DF= 410.77, P= .984). Plants in the low-density treatment had nearly the exact same mean plant height than those of the high-density treatment (Figure 3: mean+/- s.e. mean plant height: low-density= 13.372+/- .337 ; high-density= 13.385+/- .543). Discussion The lower density was expected to produce more surviving plants and according to the recorded results it did, as well as produced more numbers of flowers. These results support the hypothesis that states the plants under low density conditions would survive better over plants under high density conditions. This basically means that Brassica rapa plants survive better under lower density conditions. On the other hand, the height stayed relatively the same for both high and low density trials, therefore the null hypothesis was partially accepted. (Miller, 1995). While the height did stay the same for our plants alone an unusual finding was discovered. In comparison to the other classes that did this same experiment, height levels differed in that the Wednesday 2-5 pm class had an overall much lower measured height. This could be due to a number of things such as different amounts of light received, or even not being watered as frequently as the  other classes. Other outside studies, which dealt with intraspecific competition, show that it highly affects plant size as well as number of leaves (Shahid et al., 2009). Number of leaves in this case, could correspond with number of flowers on the Brassica rapa plant. The findings in the experiment prove how much the plants were essentially affected. Literature Cited Aspbury, A.S., Gabor, C.R. 2013. Laboratory Exercises for Organismal Biology. 15-19 Miller, T.E. 1995. Evolution of Brassica rapa Populations in Interspecific and Intraspecific Competition, Evolution. 49. 1125-1133. Shahid, S.S., Waqar, A., et al. 2009. Intraspecific Competition and Aggregation in a Population of Solanum Forskalii Dunal in a Semiarid Habitat: Impact on Reproductive Output, Growth and Phenolic Contents, Pak. J. Bot. 41. 2751-2763. Figures and Legends Figure 1: proportion surviving in low and high-density treatments of Brassica rapa after three weeks. Figure 2: Mean Flowers per plant in low and high-density treatments of Brassica rapa after four weeks. Figure 3: Mean plant height in low and high-density treatments of Brassica rapa after six weeks.

What makes a good Entrepreneur?

Strengths: I am good at keeping calm in difficult situations. Keeping calm is important when running a business, things may go wrong and you may be in some bad predicaments, but it is always vital to be calm. I have shown my skills of being calm when working as a sales assistant in 3; as a sales assistant in a mobile phone shop there will be a lot of people coming in angry with complaints about, or even wanting to send their phones to the repairs, when these situations happen it is always essential to keep calm because the customer is always write in a business. Also if you are not calm when a customer comes in and they are angry, it could affect the business as the customer would not recommend the shop, or they would not come back and it is always good to have loyal customers. Good attendance:I will always be where I need to be, if I said I am going to attend or if I am supposed to attend I will always be present, because I do not like to miss vital information or miss out and the c atch up later. I’d rather primary information than secondary information, because I understand more when heard from the person explaining.Good personality:I am always positive, and happy if I am at work I never have a dull attitude I do what I have to do and I enjoy what I do, I do not do anything that I do not think I will enjoy. I do all I have to, to the best of my ability’s; never half hearted. Customers love me because I love to get to know new people, working in a phone job it is important to get to know the customer so you can provide them with a phone that will suite them best. I’m always smiling, do not hold grudges and can never be angry for long time. I think this would make me a good entrepreneur because whatever I am hit with I never dwell on it I get up and move on The ability to work as part of a team as well as on my ownWeakness: OrganisationI am not very good at organisation; I do not plan ahead before time or keep things that I think I may need in the future. I need to work on keeping all important documents together so when I need them it is not hard to find, also I need to be able to plan ahead, set myself a plan or a time table so  that I can do things systematically then doing things all jumbled up and not remembering what I have to do and what I have done. PunctualityMy punctuality is not as good as my attendance, I always make sure I’m there but sometimes due to my bad organisation I will end up running late because I have not organised, what I needed for the morning, the night before. I am good and at estimating what time I need to leave to get to somewhere on time.Management skillsI have not git much management skills, I am able to lead a group however I do not think I am advanced or organised enough to manage a whole team. As managing a whole need is a lot or balancing responsibility, with I would need more experience to do.I.T skillsI also need more experience and more training in IT Skills, ask they ar e good but nor excellent, it is good to have I.T skills as the worlds technology is advancing and soon everything will be electrical, so if my skills are very good now, I can be learning as technology advances, so that I will not be extremely behind. Opportunities for development: Asking for helpAsking for help could help me quite a lot because I have a lot of people around me at all times, so asking for help with all the things I am bad at could hopefully, teach me how to do things better and get me into a routine. Writing things downAlso for development I could begin to write things down more in a diary, and then I can remember things more and know where things are. When writing things down it makes everything more efficient and you will always have evidence to go back to and show specific dates. As an entrepreneur it good to remember dates when you started a new idea, what day your new stock arrives etc.TrainingTo improve my management and I.T skills I will need some training and experience, as I.T skills you have to learn because there is a lot to computing, and technology is improving, so it is ggod to be update with I.T  skills. Also as I am going to be running my own business I need to learn how to manage a larger group of people, larger amount of money and documents. MentorA mentor will be a lot of help, someone who is older than me that can give me some tips on how to run a and manage a business, someone that can support you and teach you what to do and what not to do, as they have had experience and training to do this.Threats- New technology As technology is advancing all the time, and to stay up to date with all the necessary technology, a lot of money needs to be spent, even starting up the business I would need to buy a lot of technology, such as computers for the tills, CCTV cameras, TV screens and iPads for attraction and marketing.CompetitionAnother threat is my competition, big stores worldwide such as JD Sport, Footlocker and Schuh as they are much bigger stores and more known to the public, those places will be the first choice, however our store will appeal to more unique individuals.Recession A recession is a very big threat because if there is a recession, then the prices will have to go up and the customers will find it difficult to do some shopping, employers could even demand a higher salary due to prices of everything else going out.Personal development plan Skills: The ability to do a certain task well, something that is learnt to perfection with a lot of practice. Attributes: A quality, property or characteristics of somebody or something, it is not something you gain. Skills I need to manage my business properly Type of skill Why is this relevant to the business? Are you competent in this skill? Yes/No Explain why? How can I intend to develop this skill Good CommunicationGood communication is very important in a business, as you will need to speak to the customers, to find out what they like and need when doing market research. When a business has good customer services customers all feel likely obligated to come back because the get treated so well, better that our competition, communication skills is not only essential with consumers but also with the staff, good communication with your staff will make the business flow very well; a staff will be more confidence in what they do because there has been an established understanding, YesMore experience can develop these skills, more contact with customers in a work place will defiantly enhance my communication skills Presenting SkillsThe ability to present an idea to a group of people is very important it can take you from a small business to a worldwide business so it is important not on to have good presenting skills but to have good persuasive skills also. YesManagement SkillsManagement skills are relevant in a business, are I am going to be the manager of the business I need to be able to run he business to success. I also need to know how to organise a business, hire people and make the right decisions and when he wrong decisions are made how to recover and get better. No, because I have never been a manager, hover I have been a team leader so I just need more training and experience. Training, Experience and Mentoring, all these things will help me to become a better manger. Book-keeping and accountancyThis is relevant to run my business, as I need to keep track of everything that is going on in the business, so that there is always evidence, also accounting skills are relevant just to make sure that everything is running well in the business and not relying on an accountant, which is a lot of cash loss, and even if an account is hired it is always good to double  check.No, as I am not used to book keeping, also I have only just started an accounting course and need more knowledge in that subject. Read more financial books, and get used to writing things down in a diary all the time.Attributes I need to m anage my business properly Type of attribute Why is this relevant to the business? Are you competent in this attribute? Yes/No Explain why? How can I intend to develop this attribute Good personalityA good personality is one of my best attributes I have a positive attitude in everything I do, I am never negative is anything that I do, never accept failure and never give up, do everything to the best of my ability. YesAlways keep a positive mind and always keep organised, do not let things overload, pile up and stress outCommitmentThis is important because it is never good to give up, always give 100% in running a business, and give all time and dedication to make it work. Give everything you need to make it work, if it fails try again, have a lot of persistence and put in a lot of hard work, to make your business successful. YesBalancing ResponsibilitiesBeing able to do this will keep the business running smoothly and keeping everything on track, balancing responsibilities I will be able to have a personal life away from my career life and be able to care of them both and not one more attention than the other. No, because I’m not very good a balancing my priorities  Lean to meet deadlines and know when it’s time to work and play.ConfidenceIt is important to be confident when running a business, as drastic decisions need to be made and if there is no confidence the decisions will not be made. Confidence is needed to present well and to make changes in the business, No, I am not used to standing up in front of big crowdsDo more training in leadership, and aim for higher roles such as class president or vice president. What Makes a Good Entrepreneur? The terms entrepreneur, manager and owner are very much in meaning yet exhibit different representations of business people who are present at the top management. Entrepreneur is a person who sets up a new organization or enterprise and accounts for accountability on his part of the risks that could come onto his shoulders for one reason or the other. When the discussion is of the for-profit organizations, the entrepreneur term replaces itself with founder.  (Versi, 1999) This person is responsible for establishing a new entity or unit so that the establishment could provide an existing product or service into the form of a single new market, which could have a profit or non-profit result. The entrepreneurs have strong insights as regards to the opportunities that exist within the market and the threats that come as a result of the very same. The risks that could arise in the wake of these include personal, financial or professional ones so that opportunity could be grabbed with bo th hands.(Martin, 1997) In different societies, the business entrepreneurs are regarded as the pivotal components of a social order. (Covin, 1999) Entrepreneur manages and runs an organization and manages the different undertakings of the enterprise. This enterprise could be a business which is normally associated with peculiar initiatives and foreseeable risks. An entrepreneur is also an employer of productive work or in other words of labor. He is also the contractor who deals with or initiates the process of entrepreneurship.The entrepreneur is the person who is responsible for running the system which is in place in a normal process. He is the one who organizes the whole process. Entrepreneur creates or sells a product and/or service so that he could earn a considerable profit/benefit. The entrepreneur is the risk bearer and an organizer within the business enterprise. More than anything else, an entrepreneur is a leader by sheer definition. An entrepreneur wants to achieve high since his ambitions are always at the top.He is a person who believes in dedication and hard work. (Drucker, 1985) These people like to work for their own selves rather than working for some other business. They believe in quality of work and take acceptance for responsibility which is a hallmark of a true leader. These entrepreneurs believe in a positive approach and give rewards whenever they deem fit. Their thinking is more on the lines of providing excellence towards work and they are good organizers as far as work ethics are concerned.They want to make a profit and this profit helps them to accomplish more and more in their passage towards success and achievements. (Ramsay, 2004) Some of the well known entrepreneurs have included names like Ben Cohen of the Ben & Jerry’s Ice Cream, Elisha Otis related with elevators, Ted Turner with the media field, Sam Walton concerned with the departmental stores and lastly Alan Sugar with the science of computers. (Watkins, 1998) Eff ective entrepreneurs know how to make use of their team members and during this while contribute in their own capacity towards team building.Entrepreneurial effectiveness within an organization could be improved if there is a general understanding that the entrepreneurs know their work well and also discern the exact basis for the workers who fall short on the knowledge curve. This would enable them to get the best out of these individuals and turn them into the strengths within the shortest possible time. (Versi, 2006) What spiral of knowledge does is to increase the awareness level of the entrepreneurs when it comes to their working methodologies and the ways and means through which they bring value to the different processes and activities of the organization.  (Gannon, 1987)The knowledge organization makes best use of the knowledge that it has and it does not let go on the opportunities which come in its way every now and then. There is a definitive need to outline the salient points which a entrepreneur must know in order to get the work done from the knowledge base and indeed the whole of the knowledge organization and it is only when there is a mesh of knowledge activities and the entrepreneurial effectiveness.  (Halal, 1996)Team building is one of the most significant aspects that come under the functions of an entrepreneur and he needs to make sure that he is the leader for all the activities and tasks that are happening under his vigilant eyes. Team building is all the more important because the entrepreneur needs to take decisions in line with the knowledge that his team can deliver under crunch situations and also because he has to take the company forward all this while.Thus it is imperative on his part to understand that the strengths and weaknesses of the team members are equally crucial and his requirement takes more ground in this whole equation when a difficult situation crops up. (Hocker, 2001) Thus a good team is only built when the lea der (entrepreneur) knows his team members pretty well and turns the weaknesses of different individuals within the team into their strengths and not only that but also in the strength of the team overall.  (Harper, 2003)An entrepreneur can only be termed an effective one when he understands his resources and what his team members can possibly do to their maximum in those available resources. Only then there is a sense of empathy and understanding amongst the team members and consideration towards the leader of the team which in this case is the entrepreneur himself. Thus, a good team is developed when there is complete harmony in the activities of the team members and there is basically a synergy amongst all of them.This synergy can only be encouraged by the team leader, which in this case is through an effective and considerate entrepreneur. (El-Amin, 2003) Being labeled as an entrepreneur is a social stigma, more so in the West where the same is attached with social injustice an d immoral etiquettes. In addition, being called as an entrepreneur of some business or corporation asks for the person to be termed as a tyrannical ruler who is ruling the lives of the employees and workers working under him. Oppression and entrepreneurship thus end up being each other’s synonyms.On the other hand, being called as an entrepreneur of an enterprise would be looked upon at in a very esteemed and reputable manner within a third world nation. (Economy, 2003) There are differences in the cultural mechanisms so as to speak. A conflict within an organization can take place due to differing personalities of the employees or in their attitudes that lead in their linkage with each other. This could also happen due to their norms and behaviors which might not be liked by any one party (person) and thus lead to a conflict of thoughts, ideas, actions and eventual behaviors towards each other.There is a degree of power when we speak of the entrepreneur in terms of the same over his subordinate or the employee who is working under him in a direct or an indirect capacity. In the end, it would be proper to state here that if the entrepreneurs are true to their jobs and know what they expect from the workers working under them, then it is duty bound on the part of these employees to be truthful about their work and apprise the entrepreneur as to where they have been lacking and what plus points have thus been achieved.  (Rogers, 2001)All said and done it is to the entrepreneur himself as to how best he can toe along the workers on those lines and till what extent he can drag them but in the name of a genuine organizational gain. A good entrepreneur can only be made if he is respected by one and all. (Milner, 2004)

Fast Food and Healthy Food

Life today is not like how it was before. Along time ago, people ate foods that were field with balanced amount of nutrients value. Not with chemicals, preservatives, artificial colors and flavors which are known as Fast Foods. Long days of working and training effects our choices for food, a meal from nearest fast food restaurant becomes most appealing idea. Most of people who eat junk food more frequent don't know its bad effect on their body which can be prevented if they use more healthy alternatives . Although, we consume both of them as food, yet they are majorly different. Fast food remains extremely popular, despite their unhealthy impact to our body. However, there are many reasons to try to make healthier choices. Eating junk food as a primary method of nourishment will lead to diseases and illness because your body is being deprived from its needed nutrias. While, by eating healthy you are strengthening your body and giving it proper nutrients to defend it in a time of illness . While, Obesity, diabetic, Hypertension, cancer and other chronic diseases are highly related to fast food. It has more calories on average meal than healthy food do, leading to greater weight gain and illnesses. It is important to watch carefully what you eat, especially at fast food restaurant. Knowing the nutritional content is very important. Beware of the processed and fast foods that have long ingredient list you can hardly pronounce Junk foods are loaded with lots of sugar, salt and worst types of fat . Healthy foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grain, lean meat and fish provides a balanced amount of nutrients . They are by definition nutrient-rich, with vitamins, Minerals and fiber that benefit your body. If you are trying your best to be healthy it is essential to find food that will treat your body well . Healthy food helps you focused and make you more productive. It provide not only energy source for your body , but also makes your body performs in its optimum . Because, junk foods are heavily full with fat they slow down your metabolism and make you lazy . it will leave you tired and do not supply your body with proper nutrient needed to function adequate . Thus, the next time you think about burger, pizza or chips just think about the harm they can do to your body over a period of time. Do not give in temptation instead eat fruits and vegetable, nourish your body with vitamins and fiber. Remember if you eat well you will feel and look well.

Business models of Staples Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business models of Staples Inc - Essay Example Safety is an issue that affects the running of the business, but staples have that covered under their safety supplies. Staples are a business concept that surpasses supplying products only by offering a list of easy to obtain services tailor made for the customers. They offer mailing and shipping services. For any business that requires the Copy and Print services, they are readily available within their customer center. They also offer Promotional services and the modern Cloud Software. Technology trade-ins and tech Support Services is a business portfolio they use to attract and maintain their customers. In addition, they have a Recycling and Eco-Services, a Business Hub, Textbook Rental, Staples Credit Center and Staples Merchant Services. Staples Inc. are Retailers who have stores where customers come and pick their products. They have retail stores, restaurants and online features for order and shipment of their products. They offer as a link between manufacturers of the broader products as above. They trade using their original name in cities across USA and slightly change their name in other countries like Italy. T some extent Staples become distributors by working with other enterprises, but these are exclusively in the US in the business-to-business and business-to-company models. The advertising procedure utilized by Staples concentrates on the target business sector of commonplace buyers and organizations. By designating sensible costs and straightforwardly mailing advancements to homes, Staples targets everybody from regular clients to larger enterprises. Staples can offer office supplies in mass or single units. They have secured the establishment for office supply superstores. In 2003, Staples started their committed fight to make their organization client centered. Â  

Metaphor Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Toy store investigation - Essay Example There was another aisle called â€Å"Little Mommy†, which consisted primarily of baby dolls, stroller, baby bottles and fake diapers. The final aisle was called â€Å"Princess and Meâ€Å". This was my favorite aisle, because it was so fascinating and eye catching. It was filled with princess crowns that are covered in fake jewels. It also had adorable shoes with heels, as well as fairy tale wings, tutus and ballerina shoes. There were many things I found very disturbing about this section. The first thing was the way they portrayed a woman’s role to these young girls, particularly at this age because their brains are like sponges. I feel this is just teaching them when they grow up they have to cook, clean and take care of their children while looking fabulous. I was also shocked by the career choices that are given to young girls as well. Motherhood was the number one role that was illustrated in this section. They also expect the girl to be friendlier and less viol ent because of the language used on the packages. They frequently uses words like ‘pretty‘, ‘lovely‘, ‘friends‘, and ‘together‘. These words are displayed in a round smooth lettering. The boys’ section was directly across from the girls’ section, decorated all in blue. This section was also categorized by different themes.

Benchmarking productivity in the hospital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Hotel Rwanda Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hotel Rwanda - Essay Example How a variety of relations turned out between the needy Rwandans and the Whites or the western people in control also possesses a significant level of accuracy as assessed with respect to history which traditionally depicted racial discrimination, whether or not subtle, with an occasional mode of compassion or empathy and recognition for the black people. The apparently accurate emotions portrayed by the actors behind the characters of the oppressed Tutsis channel an amount of distinction apart from any fictitious attempt since the audience can readily engage as measured by the equivalent horrified reactions that manifest anxious imaginings with distressful feeling of helplessness. The director, T. George, might have felt the necessity to not disclose or point out the motivations behind the hostilities of the Hutu extremists for perhaps being such a complex portion able to divert the main objective of building up a one-man hero into the core. By clearly not revealing the truth that t here were only two foreign journalists in Rwanda on stating â€Å"lots of foreign press are arriving for the peace signing,† the film warrants as such that it gives viewers an impression of witnesses and interested parties at supporting the cause of P.

Ethics -- Moral Theory and Moral Issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethics -- Moral Theory and Moral Issue - Essay Example Proponents of the practice argue that people should be as free to choose the way they die in the same way they choose the way they lived. In addition, people deserve to die with as little pain and as much dignity as is possible. Those against legalizing euthanasia say that it could open the door to abuses such as people opting to die earlier than needed for economic reasons and being pressured by relatives who have a financial concern. Callous as may sound, children of the terminally ill may not want their parents to spend their inheritance on life extending techniques, a sad scenario that should certainly be considered. Still others say that euthanasia is â€Å"playing God† which is not acceptable under any circumstances. Euthanasia is a sensitive subject about a painful prospect but must be addressed because it will likely involve everyone as some point in their lives. The word â€Å"euthanasia† is of Greek origin meaning â€Å"good death.† 18th Century England scholars referred to euthanasia as a means of â€Å"dying well.† (Belanger, 2010). Euthanasia is a medical procedure where a doctor supplies a lethal cocktail of drugs to a terminally ill patient who is in serve pain. The patient administers the dosage, not the doctor. The drugs could be administered either intravenously or orally but the decision is the patients, not the doctor or family members. Because of this, euthanasia is termed â€Å"doctor assisted† and not â€Å"doctor administered† suicide. Other methods include removing the patient from a life-support machine or simply not resuscitating them after they expire, allowing them to pass on naturally without the aid of â€Å"heroic measures.† In the three states and few countries that have legalized euthanasia, the patient must be terminally ill, as decided by three doctors and be fully mentally cognizant. Though it is unfortunate, most people will die a bad death instead of a good death. Euthanasia proponents are motivated not by personal autonomy issues, though that is extremely concerning in a free society, but by human suffering and the lack of a dignified death most people endure. Many, if not most, paths to death involve diseases that slowly eat away at bodily organs causing a torturous ending both for the person dying and their loved ones who watch then die following months of agony. Family members and close fiends watch as the dying person becomes progressively gaunt and thin while either unconscious due to pain medications or experiencing constant pain. Everyone can imagine themselves in that scenario and most, ostensibly, would not want to die in that way and would rather spare themselves and their family the agony. Further, the person dying considers themselves a burden and not a positive in anyone’s life anymore. No person wants to be in that situation. However, this scenario occurs in homes, hospices and hospitals thousand of times every day of the year. It ’s a horrific scene that serves no purpose and cannot be assigned a rationale other than to pacify the â€Å"morals† of those who think it acceptable to dictate their wishes from outside the actual situation, uninvolved in the daily trauma. It’s easy to imagine a grandmother, the matriarch of the family, a gentle lady who has dedicated her entire adult life to care for the needs of others now spending her last weeks lying feebly in a sterile, foreign environment. She is not able to use the restroom or feed herself without

Business Research Proposal Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Proposal - Research Paper Example In addition to exploration of weaknesses, opportunities will also be identified to take the restaurant from good to great. By differentiating itself from the growing number of similar, family-themed restaurants saturating the market, Olive Garden an increase in market share is predictable. BACKGROUND The intended audience of this business research proposal is the Olive Garden’s CEO and the regional manager responsible for the Miami, Florida location. The specific problems to be addressed are restroom cleanliness and sanitization, length of wait to be seated upon check-in, and lack of staff efficiency. After visiting this location on several occasions, at various times and on different days of the week, these three issues have been reoccurring. By focusing on these three issues, the restaurant will have made great strides toward reaching its full potential. An improvement that would allow the restaurant to differentiate itself from other similar style restaurants is offering ch ild care to customers. In my experience, family and friends with children have wanted to go out to a romantic dinner for a â€Å"date night,† but were unable to find a babysitter. Providing child care as a free service to guests will increase the restaurant’s market share by tapping into an area of the market that is perhaps non-existent. Personally, I have never been to a restaurant that offers such a service.

Novel using Frankenstein as an Example Essay Example for Free

Novel using Frankenstein as an Example Essay However the horror itself needs to be complimented with one of the most important part your gothic novel, this being some form of a supernatural event or otherwise inexplicable event. This could include ghosts or giants walking, or inanimate objects such as a suit of armour or painting as recognised in Castle of Otranto it fell crushing his limbs. In the case of Frankenstein it can be explained but it still a supernatural event. I had worked hard for nearly two years, for the sole purpose of infusing life into an inanimate body. , Shelley not only uses this as a main plot point to drive much of the issuing events, with in this case speaking in a sterile scientific manor, but also to shine light on some of the ethical issues of her time, mainly advancements in science and issues such as bring life back to inanimate tissues. It symbolises for her the fact that science could be taken to extremes, and the events after indicate this. These events are often preceded by a vision. You may want to use this before some form of death. In chapter 5 there are no real disturbing dream visions, a better example can be seen in other gothic novels, and I will used The Castle of Otranto, this includes the omen that That the castle and lordship of Otranto should pass from the present family, whenever the real owner should be grown too large to inhabit it. or any phenomenon that may be seen as a portent of coming events other than in some way or Victors dream of Elizabeth death. , an omen that it is soon to be his time to die while at every turn the women are put into distress and a epitomising the feel that all will happen in an almost omnipotent fashion will come to its end. This should be included into your novel in some shape or form to give it a more gothic feel overall and in many cases it relates to the supernatural events to come. Women should partake in two main forms to extenuate the gothic; firstly they should at some point during your novel be in some form of distress. It should contain an appeal to the pathos and sympathy of the reader, the female characters should face events that leave them fainting, terrified, screaming, or sobbing. A lonely, pensive, and oppressed heroine is often the central figure of a gothic novel, so her sufferings are even more pronounced and the focus of attention. This can be seen by the threat made to Elizabeths life through the dream in chapter 5. You could increase this more because the women are often abandoned, left alone (either on purpose or by accident), and have no protector at times. Elizabeth is left in Geneva alone with the monster (even if only in victors mind) wanting to hunt her down and kill her. You could use this to great effect and continue it to a degree that that the women should be threatened by or with the presence of a tyrannical male, this could range in your novel from a king, lord of the manor, father, or guardian, to demand that one or more of the female characters do something intolerable. The Monster howls in rage and utters the ominous words: I shall be with you on your wedding night. All the while it s rain outside with another choice to creating horror and suspense with metonym in the case referring to the darkness of the situation. Using threading tones and the fact that he shall implying that the wedding day will be in no way pleasant. The woman may be commanded to marry someone she does not love (it may even be the powerful male himself), or commit a crime. This bring about examples of the next gothic case in point with most of the book contain much overwrought and tense emotions which often are highly sentimental. This tool should be used to create various emotion ties with your protagonist and the reader, often in the case of gothic novels the sensation of impending doom and gloom, however it can also be used for exultant situations as well, as in Frankenstein chapter 5 with I had desired it with an ardour that far exceeded moderation; but now that I had finished, the beauty of the dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart. , Shelley uses specific language such as breathless horror to symbolise the overwrought sense of disgust he felt, filling his heart suggesting that it not only hurt his senses but was a major blow to his spirit. However all of this means very little if you fail to adhere to one element that must be true if you aim is to create a truly gothic novel and the is vocabulary and syntax of the gothic writing; this is of the utmost importance The constant use of the appropriate vocabulary to set creates the atmosphere of the gothic. This includes I took refuge in the courtyard belonging to the house which I inhabited; where I remained during the rest of the night, walking up and down in the greatest agitation, listening attentively, catching and fearing each sound as if it were to announce the approach of the demoniacal corpse to which I had so miserably given life. With settings and places more suited to the time such as a courtyard, however using less common words such as greatest agitation to denote more of a tone of authenticity and demonical corpse (never referring the victors creation as a human or even some form of humanoid) standing for deeper emotions than just a monster. However that is not all that it requires for gothic writing, include the way that questions are presented with infinite pains and care I had endeavoured to form? which could be translated as I had work hard to form. I recommend therefore that you must really acquaint yourself with the general genre if you have not already and I recommend both Frankenstein and The Castle of Otranto which both brilliant representations of not only language but the points that I have already mentioned. Finally I would sat that in order for you book to match that of Shelleys you may want to include some issues surrounding ethical issues at the time, and as an example think of the issues surrounding the other title of Shelleys novel being The Modern Prometheus this in the case of Frankenstein is the issues surrounding playing god. This brought about by greater scientific and medical advances in her time. You may use this to make your story to bring about a deeper meaning than that just of a ghost story. To conclude, I hope that the guidelines that I have provided will help you succeed in you overall goal of creating a true gothic novel. This can be easily achieved by following the simple process of metonymy of gloom, tragic females, tyrannical males, supernatural events, overwrought emotion and an ominous dream. It may seem like a daunting task however I will always offer more support and advice if you feel that you need it and I hope to read your novel and give my opinion on it, which I am sure will be great. Yours Sincerely Dr M. Yellehs   Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

Sugar in the 19th Hundreds, Problems Essay Example for Free

Sugar in the 19th Hundreds, Problems Essay What is the reason for the abandonment of sugar plantations in the British West Indies in the 19th century? I am going to analyze and asses the reasons why sugar plantations were being abandoned by plantation owners in the 19th century? The main causes and the main effects. The abandonment of the Sugar plantations in the Caribbean leads to major changes and had a great effect on West Indian countries. So what caused sugar, a once thriving industry, to be abandoned? And what was the impact it had? ata collected will assessed and analyzed to understand these effects, the causes and how they pertain to life in this century. Chapter 1 Introduction. Sugar cane was the main cash crop grown on numerous British, French and Spanish owned islands. Sugar was in high demand and was very profitable. But this industry needed labor and lots of it thus slavery was the cheapest and best source of labor they had. Plantation owners would buy slaves brought from Africa to work on their plantations. Plantation life in the 19th century was very hard, grueling labor, severe punishment and extensive exhaustion. Slaves worked for long periods of time in fields harvesting sugar, in factories producing sugar and the main house as workers (maids, butlers, and cooks ). The abandonment of sugar production was imminent to failure because of the ill treatment and over working. The United States was also a major factor in sugar abandonment, along with the feuded between British and the Spanish which lead to more problems. In my S. B. A I will asses these problems and the effects they had on both the economy and on the society. Chapter 2 Reasons for abandonment The abandonment of sugar plantations in the 19th century was caused by not only one factor but, it was caused by a collection of factors or a chain of events happening one after the other. Reasons for the abandoning of the sugar plantations started with the Emancipation of slaves, then from that event, multiple amounts of other events caused the sugar estates to close. Emancipation was the greatest cause of Sugar estates being abandoned. The Emancipation Act was passed in 1830 in May and an ex and it stated that â€Å"All men were equal and slavery was to be abolished. This in turn means that former slaves were free. These free† men now had rights. So plantation owner had to pay slaves, this was a great change from the former system they had. Work time for slaves had to be cut; there were no long excessive amount of work hours, now it had to be a limited amount of time. Slaves could not be abused anymore and they could have refused to do the work. These factors caused a great stress on the plantation owners. They were losing more of their profit to pay wages, less hours of work were being done, and less sugar was being produced, in turn less profit. After Emancipation plantation owners taught that sugar production would have decreased, it did, for some countries. Smaller Islands production went up such as Barbados and Puerto Rico. These places, relatively all the land was used for estate purposes, so freed slaves had no other choice but to go back and work on the plantations. But in larger countries such as Jamaica where slaves hated plantation life and there was land untainted by settlement sugar production took a massive lost in profit. Everything changed by the end of the 19th Century. Slavery had been abolished, and Europes beet sugar had preempted Caribbean cane. Depressed market prices could not offset the production and transportation costs for an island crop, and sugar plantations soon were abandoned. Abolition of slavery was difficult for the colonies, which had to adjust to having a majority of new citizens who could not be denied the civil rights already grudgingly extended to the few. Extending those civil rights, then as now, was neither easily nor gracefully achieved because the political systems had existed for centuries as the narrow instruments of the small, white, landed elite, largely absentee, whose members were threatened by the removal of their special trade preferences. Above all, there were economic difficulties. Sugar prices were falling, and West Indian producers were facing severe competition not only from other producers in the British Empiresuch as India, South Africa, and Australiaand non-imperial cane sugar producerssuch as Cuba and Brazilbut also from beet sugar producers in Europe and the United States. Falling prices coincided with rising labor costs, complicated by the urgent need to regard the ex-slaves as wage laborers able and willing to bargain for their pay. Acts passed by the government. Acts passed by the Government in the 19th century contributed to the abandoning of plantations greatly. They were one of the most influential factors. If it was not for these Acts, in my option the sugar industry would have survived. Such as The Sugar Equalization Act,1846 this law was passed because persons wanted cheap raw materials but the price of these items was very high. Politicians of the Manchester school convinced the British that duties were keeping the price at a high rate. Thus duties were removed from corn and sugar. Some farmer’sprophesied this was the end for sugar and along with â€Å"The Encumbered Estates Act, 1854 the sugar industry looked grim. The Encumbered Estates Act stated that the government could seize plantations that were abandoned and could be sold with their debt and the new owner had to pay off this debt. The act was very short sighted and gave away to long term effects that prove to be disastrous Labor problems. To mitigate labor difficulties, the local assemblies were encouraged to import nominally free laborers from India, China, and Africa under contracts of indenture. Apart from the condition that they had a legally defined term of service and were guaranteed a set wage, these Asian indentured laborers were treated like the African slaves they partially replaced in the fields and factories. Between 1838 and 1917, nearly half a million East Indians (from British India) came to work on the British West Indian sugar plantations, the majority going to the new sugar producers with fertile lands. Trinidad imported 145,000; Jamaica, 21,500; Grenada, 2,570; St. Vincent, 1,820; and St.  Lucia, 1,550. Between 1853 and 1879, British Guiana imported more than 14,000 Chinese workers, with a few going to some of the other colonies. Between 1841 and 1867, about 32,000 indentured Africans arrived in the British West Indies, with the greater number going to Jamaica and British Guiana. With important British politicians such as Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone (1809-98) owning sugar estates in British Guiana, that colony, directly administered by the crown, assumed great importance in the Caribbean. Chapter 3 Effects of Sugar abandonment in the Caribbean. Indentured labor did not resolve the problems of the plantations and the local governments in the Caribbean during the nineteenth century, but it enabled the sugar plantations to weather the difficulties of the transition from slave labor. The new immigrants further pluralized the culture, the economy, and the societies. The East Indians introduced rice and boosted the local production of cacao (the bean from which cocoa is derived) and ground provisions (tubers, fruits, and vegetables). Although some East Indians eventually converted to Christianity and intermarried with other ethnic groups, the majority remained faithful to their original Hindu and Muslim beliefs, adding temples and mosques to the religious architecture of the territories. The Chinese moved into local commerce, and, by the beginning of the twentieth century, the corner Chinese grocery store and the Chinese restaurant had become commonplace in all the colonies. Emancipation of the slaves provided the catalyst for the rise of an energetic, dynamic peasantry throughout the Caribbean. A large proportion of the ex-slaves settled in free villages, often forming cooperatives to buy bankrupt or abandoned sugar estates. Where they lacked the capital, they simply squatted on vacant lands and continued the cultivation of many of the food crops that the planters and the colonial government had exported during the days of slavery. The villages, although largely independent, provided a potential labor pool that could be attracted to the plantations. The growth of these free villages immediately after the emancipation of the slaves was astonishing. In Jamaica, black freeholders increased from 2,014 in 1838 to more than 7,800 in 1840 and more than 50,000 in 1859. In Barbados, where land was scarcer and prices higher, freeholders of less than 2 hectares each increased from 1,110 in 1844 to 3,537 in 1859. In St.  Vincent, about 8,209 persons built their own homes and bought and brought under cultivation over 5,000 hectares between 1838 and 1857. In Antigua, 67 free villages with 5,187 houses and 15,644 inhabitants were established between 1833 and 1858. The free villages produced new crops such as coconuts, rice, bananas, arrowroot, honey, and beeswax, as well as the familiar plantation crops of sugarcane, tobacco, coffee, cacao, citrus limes, and ground provisions. Which lead to the integration of a wide variety of agricultural products?

Communication and its Barriers

Communication and its Barriers Any act by which one person gives to or receives from another person information about that persons needs, desires, perceptions, knowledge, or affective states. Communication may be intentional or unintentional; it may involve conventional or unconventional signals, may take linguistic or non-linguistic forms, and may occur through spoken or other modes. Organisations cannot operate without communication. Communication can take various forms but all forms involve the transfer of information from one party to the other. In order for the transfer of information to qualify as communication, the recipient must understand the meaning of the information transferred to them. If the recipient does not understand the meaning of the information conveyed to them, communication has not taken place. Communication is the life source of organisations because organisations involve people. People cannot interact with each other without communication. In the absence of communication, everything would grind to a halt. For example; the workers in an organisation would not know the organisations objectives so they would not strive to achieve the organisations objectives. The workers in an organisation would not know what their roles and responsibilities were, so they would not be able to carry out their daily tasks and duties. The managers would not be able to train their workers reports so the workers would not possess the skills they needed to carry out their jobs. The managers would not be able to inform workers of changes The organisation would not be aware of their competitors activities On the whole people are able to communicate with each other as this is a basic human function. However successful organisations strive not only for communication but effective communication. Interpersonal Communication This is defined as communication between two or more people and involves the transfer of information (or message) from one person to the other(s). The person transferring the information is called the sender or transmitter. The people receiving the message are known as receivers. The transmitter will need to send the information in a format that the receiver(s) will understand. Converting the information into a format that the receivers will understand is known as Encoding. Messages can be encoded into a variety of formats oral, written or visual. After encoding the message is transferred via a medium called a channel, for example a letter, fax, phone call, or e-mail. After transference the information will need to be interpreted by the receiver. This process of interpretation is known as decoding. Finally the receiver will send a message back to the transmitter confirming whether the information sent has been understood. This back check is known as feedback. The communication process involves seven key elements as illustrated in the diagram below. Why you need to get your message across Effective communication is all about conveying your messages to other people clearly and unambiguously. Its also about receiving information that others are sending to you, with as little distortion as possible. Doing this involves effort from both the sender of the message and the receiver. And its a process that can be fraught with error, with messages muddled by the sender, or misinterpreted by the recipient. When this isnt detected, it can cause tremendous confusion, wasted effort and missed opportunity. In fact, communication is only successful when both the sender and the receiver understand the same information as a result of the communication. By successfully getting your message across, you convey your thoughts and ideas effectively. When not successful, the thoughts and ideas that you actually send do not necessarily reflect what you think, causing a communications breakdown and creating roadblocks that stand in the way of your goals both personally and professionally. In a recent survey of recruiters from companies with more than 50,000 employees, communication skills were cited as the single more important decisive factor in choosing managers. The survey, conducted by the University of Pittsburghs Katz Business School, points out that communication skills, including written and oral presentations, as well as an ability to work with others, are the main factor contributing to job success. In spite of the increasing importance placed on communication skills, many individuals continue to struggle, unable to communicate their thoughts and ideas effectively whether in verbal or written format. This inability makes it nearly impossible for them to compete effectively in the workplace, and stands in the way of career progression. Being able to communicate effectively is therefore essential if you want to build a successful career. To do this, you must understand what your message is, what audience you are sending it to, and how it will be perceived. You must also weigh-in the circumstances surrounding your communications, such as situational and cultural context. The Communications Process To be an effective communicator and to get your point across without misunderstanding and confusion, your goal should be to lessen the frequency of problems at each stage of this process, with clear, concise, accurate, well-planned communications. We follow the process through below: Source As the source of the message, you need to be clear about why youre communicating, and what you want to communicate. You also need to be confident that the information youre communicating is useful and accurate. Message The message is the information that you want to communicate. Encoding This is the process of transferring the information you want to communicate into a form that can be sent and correctly decoded at the other end. Your success in encoding depends partly on your ability to convey information clearly and simply, but also on your ability to anticipate and eliminate sources of confusion (for example, cultural issues, mistaken assumptions, and missing information.) A key part of this knows your audience: Failure to understand who you are communicating with will result in delivering messages that are misunderstood. Channel Messages are conveyed through channels, with verbal channels including face-to-face meetings, telephone and videoconferencing; and written channels including letters, emails, memos and reports. Different channels have different strengths and weaknesses. For example, its not particularly effective to give a long list of directions verbally, while youll quickly cause problems if you give someone negative feedback using email. Decoding Just as successful encoding is a skill, so is successful decoding (involving, for example, taking the time to read a message carefully, or listen actively to it.) Just as confusion can arise from errors in encoding, it can also arise from decoding errors. This is particularly the case if the decoder doesnt have enough knowledge to understand the message. Receiver Your message is delivered to individual members of your audience. No doubt, you have in mind the actions or reactions you hope your message will get from this audience. Keep in mind, though, that each of these individuals enters into the communication process with ideas and feelings that will undoubtedly influence their understanding of your message, and their response. To be a successful communicator, you should consider these before delivering your message, and act appropriately. Feedback Your audience will provide you with feedback, as verbal and nonverbal reactions to your communicated message. Pay close attention to this feedback, as it is the only thing that can give you confidence that your audience has understood your message. If you find that there has been a misunderstanding, at least you have the opportunity to send the message a second time. Context The situation in which your message is delivered is the context. This may include the surrounding environment or broader culture (corporate culture, international cultures, and so on). QUESTION 2 Barriers of Communication 1. Physical barriers Physical barriers in the workplace include: Marked out territories, empires and fiefdoms into which strangers are not allowed Closed office doors, barrier screens, separate areas for people of different status Large working areas or working in one unit that is physically separate from others. Research shows that one of the most important factors in building cohesive teams is proximity. As long as people still have a personal space that they can call their own, nearness to others aids communication because it helps us get to know one another. 2. Perceptual barriers The problem with communicating with others is that we all see the world differently. If we didnt, we would have no need to communicate: something like extrasensory perception would take its place. The following anecdote is a reminder of how our thoughts, assumptions and perceptions shape our own realities: A traveller was walking down a road when he met a man from the next town. Excuse me, he said. I am hoping to stay in the next town tonight. Can you tell me what the townspeople are like? Well, said the townsman, how did you find the people in the last town you visited? Oh, they were an irascible bunch. Kept to themselves. Took me for a fool. Over-charged me for what I got. Gave me very poor service. Well, then, said the townsman, youll find them pretty much the same here. 3. Emotional barriers One of the chief barriers to open and free communications is the emotional barrier. It is comprised mainly of fear, mistrust and suspicion. The roots of our emotional mistrust of others lie in our childhood and infancy when we were taught to be careful what we said to others. Mind your Ps and Qs; Dont speak until youre spoken to; Children should be seen and not heard. As a result many people hold back from communicating their thoughts and feelings to others. They feel vulnerable. While some caution may be wise in certain relationships, excessive fear of what others might think of us can stunt our development as effective communicators and our ability to form meaningful relationships. 4. Cultural barriers When we join a group and wish to remain in it, sooner or later we need to adopt the behaviour patterns of the group. These are the behaviours that the group accept as signs of belonging. The group rewards such behaviour through acts of recognition, approval and inclusion. In groups which are happy to accept you, and where you are happy to conform, there is a mutuality of interest and a high level of win-win contact. Where, however, there are barriers to your membership of a group, a high level of game-playing replaces good communication. 5. Language barriers Language that describes what we want to say in our terms may present barriers to others who are not familiar with our expressions, buzz-words and jargon. When we couch our communication in such language, it is a way of excluding others. In a global market place the greatest compliment we can pay another person is to talk in their language. One of the more chilling memories of the Cold War was the threat by the Soviet leader Nikita Khruschev saying to the Americans at the United Nations: We will bury you! This was taken to mean a threat of nuclear annihilation. However, a more accurate reading of Khruschevs words would have been: We will overtake you! meaning economic superiority. It was not just the language, but the fear and suspicion that the West had of the Soviet Union that led to the more alarmist and sinister interpretation. 6. Gender barriers There are distinct differences between the speech patterns in a man and those in a woman. A woman speaks between 22,000 and 25,000 words a day whereas a man speaks between 7,000 and 10,000. In childhood, girls speak earlier than boys and at the age of three, have a vocabulary twice that of boys. The reason for this lies in the wiring of a mans and womans brains. When a man talks, his speech is located in the left side of the brain but in no specific area. When a woman talks, the speech is located in both hemispheres and in two specific locations. This means that a man talks in a linear, logical and compartmentalised way, features of left-brain thinking; whereas a woman talks more freely mixing logic and emotion, features of both sides of the brain. It also explains why women talk for much longer than men each day. Removing Barriers at All These Stages To deliver your messages effectively, you must commit to breaking down the barriers that exist within each of these stages of the communication process. Lets begin with the message itself. If your message is too lengthy, disorganized, or contains errors, you can expect the message to be misunderstood and misinterpreted. Use of poor verbal and body language can also confuse the message. Barriers in context tend to stem from senders offering too much information too fast. When in doubt here, less is oftentimes more. It is best to be mindful of the demands on other peoples time, especially in todays ultra-busy society. Once you understand this, you need to work to understand your audiences culture, making sure you can converse and deliver your message to people of different backgrounds and cultures within your own organization, in your country and even abroad. Barrier refers to something non physical that keeps apart or prevents activity, movement so on. Types of Barriers Physical mechanical barriers Language or Semantic barriers Socio-psychological barriers Organisational barriers Personal barriers 1- Physical Mechanical Barriers Noise It is the disruption or interference in communication process anywhere along the way. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡ Noise though of varying degree, disturbs or interferes with communication. Whatever that distracts the receivers attention causes communication breakdown. Noise can be physical psychological. Physical distractions or disturbances such as loud speakers, gossip etc., draw the attention of the receiver. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡ Psychological noise is related to mental disturbances like ego clash, pre occupied thoughts, hang over, anxiety. DISTANCE Long distances between the sender the receivers can also obstruct effective communication TIME Time refers to the reaching of message. If an important message reaches late it is sure to affect communication. INFORMATION OVERLOAD It refers to excessive transmission of information. Much more information than what the receiver can process is transmitted to him/her. The receiver can ·t understand , digest, analyze act upon information overload that is beyond mental capacity. MECHANICAL BARRIERS Outdated machines equipment may produce excessive noise leading to physical barriers in communication. Distraction like background noise, poor lighting., affect the morale of the employees also obstruct effective communication. 2- SEMANTIC OR LANGUAGE BARRIER UNCLEAR MESSAGE Lack of clarity in message makes it badly expressed. poorly chosen empty word , phrases, inadequate vocabulary, failure to clarify implications etc., are some common faults found. FAULTY TRANSLATION The message that every manager receives from his superiors, peers, subordinates must be translated into language suitable for the respective person( for whom the information is destined). SPECIALISTS LANGUAGE It is often found that technical personnel special groups tend to develop a special, peculiar technical language of their own. It hinders their communication with persons not in their specialty, because of the receivers ignorance of that type of language. 3- SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS DIFFERENCES IN PERCEPTION Perceptual barriers may arise due to differences between individuals in the way they perceive, organize understand their environment. DIFFERENCES IN ATTITUDE People differ with regard to attitudes opinions which often interfere with communication. If the message is consistent with our attitudes opinions we receive it favorably. INATTENTION Communication has no impact on those who are unable or unwilling to listen. If people do not pay the required degree of attention to listening understanding the messages they are supposed to receive. PREMATURE EVALUATION Some people form a judgment before receiving the complete message. Such premature evaluation prevents effective communication. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¡ RESISTANCE TO CHANGE when new ideas are being communicated, the listening apparatus may act as a filter in rejecting new ideas. Thus resistance to change is an important obstacle to effective communication. CULTURAL DIFFERENCE Cultural refers to values, beliefs, norms, attitudes perceptions of people of different nations or regions. Symbols, words, colors, gestures, language must be carefully selected when senders of information are dealing with people of different nations regions. 4- ORGANISATIONAL BARRIERS STATUS RELATIONSHIP ONE WAY FLOW ORGANISATION STRUCTURE RULES REGULATIONS 5- PERSONAL BARRIERS ATTITUDE OF SUPERIOR- the attitude of superiors towards communication affects the flow of messages in different directions. LACK OF CONFIDENCE IN SUBORDINATES LACK OF TIME MESSAGE OVERLOAD Barriers to effective Communication (leaky bucket) At each stage in the process encoding, transference, and decoding there is the possibility of interference which may hinder the communication process. This interference is known as noise. Often a comparison is made between communication and a leaky bucket. If you use a leaky bucket to carry water, water will be lost at various points in your journey from the water tap to your destination. It is not possible to stop losing water because the bucket contains holes. The amount of water you will lose will be determined by the number of holes in the bucket, the size of the holes, the route you take to your final destination and length of time it takes you to get to your destination. There may also be other events that occur during your journey which increase the amount of water lost. Similarly when information is transferred from the transmitter to the receiver not all of the information may be received by the receiver because of holes called noise. Each of the noise may be affect the amou nt of information transferred. Just as in a leaky bucket, more holes decrease the amount of water, more noise decreases the amount of correct information received. Language issues and Cultural Differences The receiver(s) may not (fully) understand the language used by the transmitter. This may occur if the transmitters language is foreign to the receiver. There may also be language problems (that the communication process) if the message contains technical information and the receivers is not familiar with the technical terms used. Cultural differences created by an individuals background and experience affect their perception of the world. Such cultural differences may affect the interpretation (decoding) of the message sent. Environmental issues If the environment that the transmitter or receiver are in, is noisy and full of sound, the sounds may prevent the message being fully understood. Background noise is often created by colleagues or machinery. Channel issues If the channel used to transfer the information is poor it may prevent all or some of the information being transferred. Examples include a faulty fax machine, a crackling phone, handwriting that cannot be read or in the case of oral messages incorrect facial gestures. Receivers Attitude and behavior If the receiver(s) is not interested in the message (or unable to give their full attention to decoding) this may reduce the amount of information received or the accuracy of the information transmitted to them. Similarly the receiver(s) may misinterpret the message by jumping to conclusions or reading the message in a manner that suits their own interests/objectives and distort the true meaning of the message. Transmission journey i.e. steps in the message, If the message is complicated or there are lots of steps taken to transfer the message it may affect the accuracy or interpretation. Comparing with the leaky bucket if the leaky bucket has to carry water over a longer distance more water will probably lost than if the journey was shorter. Internal / Organisational Communication This is communication that takes place within (or across) an organisation. In addition to the usual face to face, telephone, fax or mail; modern organisations may use technology to communicate internally. Technology may be used for e-mails or a linked internal communication system such as the intranet which is an internet system designed solely for use by those working for the organisation. External Communications Conversely external communication is communication between the organisation and those outside the organisation. Modern organisations may design technological systems so that they can communicate with customers and undertake e-Commerce. Alternatively they communicate with other businesses through the internet or similar systems and undertake e-Business. Functions of Internal and External Communications Technology has rapidly expanded the types of internal and external communication available to organisations. The diagram illustrates the vast array of internal and external communication available. Combined together internal and external types of communications allow various sectors of the local, national and international community to interact, liaise and conduct business. Formal and Informal Communications Formal communication is defined as communication which occurs through the official organisational channels or is undertaken by an employee to do their job. For example official meetings, letters and a manager asking an employee to carry out a particular task. Conversely informal communication is that which occurs outside the recognised communication networks such as talking in the lunchroom or hallways between employees. Informal communication can be productive or negative. It has the potential to build teams, improve working relationships and generate ideas as employees are in a relaxed environment. Upward and Downward Communications Downward communication is communication created by directors and managers and passed down the hierarchy of workers in the organisation. In traditional organisations this is the preferred method of communication ie Managers decide what the systems, rules and procedures will be and then they pass these down to employees they manage and supervise. Downward Communication can increase efficiency by synchronising organisational procedures and can ensure that everybody is working towards the same overall aims and objectives. Types of downward communication include job descriptions, appraisals/evaluations, organisational policy, and organisational systems. Although there are advantages to downward communication organisations have began to encourage upward communication. This is communication which originates at the lower level of the employment hierarchy and is then communicated up through the line. Organisations encouraging upward communication believe that everybody is capable of generating thoughts and ideas which may help the organisation to progress, particularly when they are working closely in the area that the idea applies to. Upward communication may increase motivation and make employees feel valued and respected whilst enabling managers to understand how employees are feeling. Furthermore if problems occur at they are more likely to be identified earlier by those working closely in the area that they occur. Types of upward communications include suggestion schemes, feedback forums/surveys, grievance procedures and employee-manager discussions. Lateral Communication This is communication that occurs between employees on the same level in the organisation. As this can involve decision making it can create efficiency as employees do not have to wait for managerial approval. On the other hand if the manager is not kept informed or if the manager fails to set boundaries there is potential for conflict. Diagonal Communication This occurs when communication occurs between workers in a different section of the organisation and where one of the workers involved is on a higher level in the organisation. For example in a bank diagonal communication will occur when a department manager in head office converses with a cashier in a branch of the bank based on the high street. TELECOMMUNICATIONS GLOSSARY Term Definition Telecommunication Communication between parties based in different locations by using a cable, telephone, broadcast or a telegraph. Networking Linking to or more computers together so that information and facilities can be shared. Computers in the same room may be linked together or the organisation may decide to link, computers in different parts of the world together. Local Area Network (LAN) Computers linked by a network without the use of telecommunications. Often the computers linked are based in the same location, group of buildings or site. Wide Area Network (WAN) Computers linked by a network using telecommunications. Often the computers linked are based in different locations. Teleconferencing Through the use of telecommunication devices such as video link participants based in different locations communicating is known as teleconferencing. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) Computer networks used to exchange standard business transaction documents between organisations. QUESTION 3 How might a manager use the GRAPEVINE to his or her advantage? First of all the definition of grapevine is that it is the unofficial way that communication takes place within the organization. It is neither supported nor authorized by the organization. It can also be called gossip. As we know many gossips have no factual bases at all; most of them however do. A manager can use grapevine to his or her advantage if it is an organization where people are used to get their information from these sources. And of course it would be a lie to say that most of us dont gossip, or listen to them at least occasionally, especially if it involves us. Bad information spreads a lot faster than good news, so the information gets to employees real fast. It can happen by a word of mouth, or recently more frequently by electronic means. If an organization is based on honesty, these grapevine information can be a lot more accurate than in an organization that is based on an authoritative culture. Usually there is always some truth to it however. Rumours about major lay-offs, plant closings, and the like may be filled with accurate information regarding who will be affected and when it may occur. This truth component is what a manager can use to his or her benefit. Most employees know that if there is any kind of grapevine information circling in the company, whatever its about can be true. If a manager for example wants to influence employees to work harder, or put more effort into it, he or she can simply start a new gossip, or encourage an existing one about lay-offs that might involve their department. Im not saying this is a nice way to do this, but if nothing else works, why not. This is however not the sign of the good manager, because he or she should be able to use other methods of motivation. A good leader needs to be able to exert high level of effort from his or her employees by motivating them in different ways. Another way of looking grapevine information is its usefulness in supplementing formal information channels. It provides a way for employees to communicate their imaginations and inputs to a certain issue. If management is not really doing a good job with communicating with employees about what is going on in an organization, then grapevine can satisfy these natural needs for information. Grapevine is a healthy human desire to communicate. It is the informal communication channel within the organization. Managers have to acknowledge this fact, and try to use it to their own advantage. Managers interested in creating good communication within the organization will use grapevine as a mean to improve it. The real value of grapevine should be to management is that it reveals issues that generate from those whom interested in or effected by it. Managers can also participate in grapevine. They can be filters, who monitor the information and forward to upper management only the valuable and important components. Grapevine usually pops up during times of uncertain times; therefore management has to make sure that it is providing enough information about important issues. The longer the rumour goes around, the hardest it is to control, so management had to intervene quickly if it wants to avoid its damaging effects. The fact is that grapevine is exists within organizations, and they always have a truth component to them. Management therefore can use them to their own benefits, as a compliment to the official and formal channels of information. How to use the Grapevine effectively in business organizations? Grapevine is an informal channel of business communication. It is called so because it stretches throughout the organization in all directions irrespective of the authority levels. The management can use grapevine to supplement the formal channels of communication. Though it carries some degree of error and distortion, efforts can be made to correct it. Ignoring the grapevine is nothing but to ignore a valuable source of communication. The management can eliminate its negative consequences and, at the same time, it can nourish its positive benefits. The managers have to learn to manage and control it. 1. The management can open up all the channels of organizational communication to present the facts positively before the employees and thereby can fight the negative messages with the positive weapons of facts and figures. 2. Better job design and better quality of work life can easily bring the grapevine under the control of the management. 3. It also prevents the boredom, idleness and suspicions among the employees. 4. The negative consequences of the grapevine can be easily eliminated if the management is successful in creating trust-relatio

Earth An Inner Terrestrial Planet :: Essays Papers

Earth An Inner Terrestrial Planet Size: About 8,000 miles in diameter Distance: 1 A.U. from the Sun Day: About 24 hours Year: About 365 days General Description: Earth may be the most unique of all planets because of the life forms we know exist here and the way they utilize the Suns energy. The Earth is composed of a great amount of water, mostly in the form of oceans, which make up most of its surface. It also contains various gases, of which make it possible for us humans to exist and is a system that exists between plants and animals here. Core/Interior: The Earth has three layers to it's interior, the inner core, outer core, and mantle. Of these the outer core is thought to be liquid. Like most of the terrestrial planets at birth, the Earth has been molten and undergone some differentiation allowing the heavy material which is consisting mostly of an iron, nickel, and cobalt core making it's density five and a half times the density of water. Surface: Earth probably has the most unique surface with all its various landmasses and water systems. It also has polar caps, volcanoes, and continents that have trees and living organisms moving about on its surface. Much of the tectonic activity on Earth created new landforms and changed other landmasses. Atmosphere: The Earth has one of the most versatile atmospheres because of the way the solar system here picks up water and carries it around the Earth for redistribution. We have a thick atmosphere that consists mostly of oxygen and nitrogen that helps plants and animals survive so well here on Earth. We also have a "greenhouse effect" that warms our atmosphere and it's surface. Satellites: The Moon is the only satellite known to exist to Earth. Magnetic Field: The Earth has a superior magnetic field due to a core consisting of iron and nickel. Currently the rotation of the Earth and its Coriolis effect help to create this pull of the tides from the oceans. The northern lights or lurora Borealis can be seen at various times in a mystifying view of beauty.

Melba Patillo and the Arkansas Nine :: Racial Segregation Integration

Melba Patillo changed history by enduring one of the first high school integration in history. Without Melba's bravery and endurance we would not have black people and white people together in the same building, much less in the same schools. Melba and the other eight black students spent one gruesome year at Central High, which is located in Little Rock, Arkansas. They not only tried to socialize and study, they had to go to press conferences concerning integration and were forced to ride in a car driven by soldiers. They had to be alert every second for the entire year in order to survive. These nine kids, also known as the Arkansas Nine, have showed the world that they can beat segregation. Nineteen hundred fifty seven was a horrible time in Little Rock, Arkansas. Segregationists were opposed to the blacks having any power and threw racial words at black people. There was a large lawsuit about integration in Little Rock in 1952 that wanted to have black students attend an all white school. Unfortunately, a petition was filed opposing black kids going to an all white school. Miraculously ,May 17, 1954 was the surprising day that the Supreme Court ruled in the case of Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. Their ruling stated that segregating public schools made them unequal and was illegal. Segregationists did whatever it was necessary to stop the integration in Central High School. Gov. Faubus tried to stall the integration by having two hundred witnesses testtify in opposition. Fortunately with the help of the NAACP, the court decided to make the integration work in 1957. The school year was exhausting for the Arkansas Nine. The white students had to be mean to the Arkansas Nine or be threatened by segregationists if they helped the Arkansas Nine. Melba, One of the Arkansas Nine, was a strong warrior even as a baby. She was born on Pearl Harbor Day with a scalp infection. The nurse did not tell Mother Lois how to get rid of had the infection, because she said “We do not coddle with n---------s.” If it was not for the janitor eavesdropping on the doctor telling the nurse about the cure, and telling Mother Lois, Melba would not have lived to become a warrior at the school.

Alice in Wonderland Essay -- essays papers

Alice in Wonderland In Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, Lewis Carroll tells an entertaining story about a young girl’s adventures in a strange â€Å"Wonderland.† This novel represents a typical girl’s struggle to break away from adult control and receive a desired freedom from their absurd society. Although the novel was written during the Victorian age and many of the events of the story are based on Victorian society, children today also feel the suffocation of adult control and a society without morals. Carroll uses symbolism and various scenes throughout the novel to show the reader the freedom that Alice strives to achieve as well as how she tries to break away from the domination and conformity. The first scene in which Alice’s struggle to break away from adult control and Victorian England’s society is in Chapter 1. After falling into the rabbit hole, Alice finds herself lost in a corridor with many locked doors. The doors being locked represents Alice being controlled by society. The reader can see Alice’s struggle to break away from this control when, finding a key, she searches right away for the door that it fits in. She finds that it fits a very small door and when she unlocks it, Alice first sees â€Å"the garden.† She believes it to be the â€Å"loveliest garden you ever saw† and â€Å"longed to get out of the dark hall, and wander about among those bright flowers and those cool fountains...† Alice’s strong desire to enter the garden is clearly evident. After trying everything she can think of to get into the garden, Alice finally realizes that she is not yet able to enter it and breaks down in tears. Not being able to get into the â€Å"lovely garden,† which represents a place Alice can be away from... ...an society, it was not considered proper etiquette to raise your voice to anyone, whether you are an adult or not. Alice rebels against the rules of the Victorian culture by expressing herself in such a manner. Free in the garden, Alice defies the Queen when she tries to execute her. It is then that Alice realized she must act against society or it would control her. Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland is a paradoxical novel that represents a typical child’s struggle to break away adult society’s beliefs and rules. It is shown in three vital scenes of the novel how Alice struggles to enter the lovely garden of â€Å"Wonderland,† which represents a freedom from society’s rules and regulations. Alice did understand until the closing of the novel that society cannot be changed and to get away from it, you have to change yourself and rebel against it.

King Corn

The Documentary ‘King Corn’ is an intersting and entertaining account that examines the impact of the corn industry on food production in America. The film follows Curtis Ellis and Ian Cheney, two recent university graduates who set out to study the overwhelming influence that industrial corn has on the varieties of foods that America consumes each year. The concept of the film is introduced when Curt and Ian have samples of their hair examined, and are surprised to find out that the large amounts of carbon found in the samples originates from ingesting corn products. Many people including myself, would likely be shocked upon hearing this fact, based on the traditional concept of corn; being the small yellow vegatable enjoyed on occasion at most. Sharing this viewpoint, the boys become interested in finding out for themselves why it appears that they are eating so much corn; and hence the topic of the documentary. They decide the best plan of action is to travel to Greene, Iowa, and grow 1 achre of corn to establish how this plant is transformed into so many of the foods that we each. This critique aims to examine some of their findings and discuss the influence and credibility of their arguments. In short, the issue the film addresses is the overwhelming reliance that the American food industry has on the growth and production of corn and its various bi-products. From first glance, many may inturpret this issue as not being a huge problem; after all, when I think of corn, I think of a vegetable. There are certainly other ingredients that would appear to be much more detremental to the health of consuming citizens. But as the film progresses, the viewer learns that the type of corn and it’s bi-products being considered, is far from the conventional concept. While in Iowa, Curt and Ian learn from local farmers, professors and other stakeholders within the industry that the corn they are producing will be used for a variety of purposes, two of the main ones being feed for cattle, and high-fructose corn syrup. As their tiny achre grows, they set out to research the implications of using the corn based products for these purposes. Generally, the documentary took the position that current usage of these products in the food industry promotes a variety of health issues, which will be discussed further in this paper. The corn industry has evolved significantly over the past several decades, not only due to technological advancement, but also the types of corn grown, and purposes that it will serve. The latter cause being fuelled exclusively by the changes in consumer demand, specifically referencing the food industry. This type of industry is largely driven by situations where there is high buyer power; that is, food companies produce the types of food that the consumer wants to eat, rather than what the company wants to produce. As commonly known, several businesses especially in the fast food industry, do not operate on the basis of providing healthy options for consumers to enjoy. Rather, they aim to offer cheap food that consumers want to have. In my opinion, this concept outlines a large point being made by the film; the fact that consumer demand has driven the corn industry (and thus the food industry) to evolve over the past several years into its current state. The bottom line of this argument is that corn is being used in the massive quantities we know of for the very simple reason that is it cheap. To illustrate this point, I will focus on the two main bi-prodcuts of corn that were examined during the film. First, high-fructose corn syrup is used as a sweetner for products ranging anywhere from soft drinks to pasta sauce. In reality, ingesting too much of this sweetner can be very hazourdous to someone’s health, and too much of the product can cause certains conditions such as obeisity and diabetes. This corn syrup has stolen a huge market share from conventional sugar over the last few decades, for no other reason aside from the fact that it is a cheaper alternative, and thus more appealing for businesses to use. As Curt and Ian prove in the film, almost anything processed food imaginable contains at least some quantity of this high fructose syrup, a direct bi-product of corn. The other main product analyzed is the use of corn as animal feed, which is a large source of food for specifically chicken and cattle. These corn-fed animals are themselves processed and used to make the all-American favorite meals. It was starting to become clear to the boys, and the viewer of the film where all this corn was coming from, and offered a justification for the massive size of this industry. During one the interviews, Curt and Ian spoke with a cattle rancher who owned a feed lot. He explained that the cows diet consisted of mainly corn because it was cheap to buy, and was successful in quickly supporting the cow into mature weight, available for slaughter. The farmer had one particularly interesting statement which captured a lot of the concept of the film, suggesting that if people wanted grass fed cows, he would raise grass fed cows. The reality is, grass fed cows are more expensive, a cost ulitmately borne by the consumer. Although much leaner and healthier meat, grass fed cows are not raised as often as corn fed cows because it wouldn’t allow consumers to purchase their favorite fast food burgers at the same price. Even the corn farmers interviewed during the film suggested that they knew their corn was used to create unhealthy foods, but that had become the reality of the food industry. Being producers of a raw material, their livelihood relies on growing corn that the American economy demands. Throughout the film, there are several points of interest made to support the argument that corn products were used to process several health threatening products. The filmakers chose to interview a variety of professionals, mostly university professors, which added to the credibility of of the argument being proposed. The opinion was fairly unanimous that the corn products in the United States are fuelling unhealthy diet choices, and resulting in some of the problems with obesity and other conditions that the country is dealing with. The film was successful in proving its point that the American food industry has evolved to become highly reliant on corn and it’s bi-products. Furthermore, it was able to reliably convey the idea that the exessive consumption of these products had potentially serious health effects. Given these facts, the film is not designed to attack the corn industry, as if they are the reason for these harmful additives in the food being eaten. The onus is really on the consumer; as mentioned, the reason these unhealthy bi-products are being made is in response to the demands from American consumers, who want cheap and tasty meals. The unfortunate reality is that a large number of people fail to devote the right attention to what they are putting in their bodies. The most surprising point in the film was definitely the scale at which the corn industry operates. It was interesting to use the boys â€Å"tiny† achre of corn as a reference point, whereas it was stated that it is not uncommon for one farmer in Iowa to manage one thousand achres of corn each harvest. The shere size of the industry reflects the huge amount of demand placed on the food industry in America every year. Personally, the lack of comparison to other countries was probably where the film lacked in reference. It is fairly well known that the American population consumes more fast food then any other nation in the world, so it really comes as no surprise that the corn industry is as large as it is. I felt as though it would be interesting to compare the American reliance to corn and it’s bi-prodcuts to a country in Europe for example, where typically people eat healthier and less cheaply made, processed foods. Comparing another nation with the United States would suggest that American reliance on corn is not a necessity, but rather a consumer driven evolution in food choices.