Watson, Skinner and Tolman Essay - 1627 Words

During the 20th century, the science of psychology developed a role that identified it as an essential of life. John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Edward Tolman are a vital part of that journey transcending from the 19th century to what is now known as â€Å"modern day psychology† in 2012. In this succinct writing the contributions of each man will be revealed and deliberation to define their difference shall be incorporated herein. Although, each psychologist has commonalities in their perspectives, there is also a form of dissemination among them based on their theories and perspectives. Each theory and concept is like steps on a ladder that define prior events that lead to current day theory known as modern day psychology. Respectfully†¦show more content†¦Operant conditioning associates behavior with consequences for good or bad based on the behavior perform. Operant conditioning is based on a voluntary response from a specific behavior or consequence. Oper ant conditioning may be based on a reward or punishment, but operant conditioning will always implement a voluntary response and require participation from something or someone. Enforcement or reinforcement of operant conditioning occurs when the subject is introduced to the same scenario that yielded a specific behavior. Watson consolidated classical and operant conditioning as mechanisms for his forms of behaviorism and Watson’s work is primarily responsible for psychology becoming a science of behavior. Burrhus Frederic Skinner Burrhus Frederic Skinner often called B.F. Skinner was born on March 20, 1904 in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania. Skinner made numerous contributions to psychology, but his primary contribution was operant conditioning. According to Goodwin, 2008 Skinner built a device called the â€Å"cumulative recorder.† Goodwin states, â€Å"with an operant chamber and a cumulative recorder, Skinner was in a position to examine operant conditioning in depth.† (p. 386). The cumulative recorder was responsible for showing the rates of response as a slopedShow MoreRelatedPerspectives Paper1467 Words   |  6 Pagespsychologists have debated for many years. It is from these two schools of thought that dueling informational ideas have been born. Originally, behaviorism was the leading school of thought being led by John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner. Later new ideas regarding the mind became more prominent. Edward C. Tolman was one of the more prominent figures of this field. Behaviorists look ed for more evidence of behavior and rejected any ideas about the mind. An idea that was highly looked into by cognitive psychologistsRead MoreThe Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of Psychology1359 Words   |  6 PagesJohn B. Watson work on classical behaviorism that paved the way for B. F. Skinners radical or operant behaviorism which has had a large impact on educational systems. Watson was one of the influential psychologists of the twentieth century. His material is still used in most psychology and educational psychology texts. Watson helped with defining the study of behavior anticipated Skinners emphasis on operant conditioning and the importance of learning and environmental influencesRead MorePsychology : Personality Psychology Rough Draft1801 Words   |  8 Pageswith plenty of options for modifications, there comes possibilities for issues known as personality disorders, but with enough analysis of all the components, psychology can be used to benefit people with or without personality complications. John Watson was born in 1878 and at the age of sixteen, visited faculty. He earned a Masters degree at the age of twenty one, from wherever he went on to be a college principal. His job lasted a year so he enraptured on to attend college all over again at theRead MoreEssay on Cognitive Maps in Rats and Men1374 Words   |  6 PagesCognitive Maps in Rats and Men Edward Chance Tolman made many significant findings to the studies of learning , memory and motivation. By todays standards he would be considered a behaviorist. â€Å"He is best remembered for being a pioneer in cognitive psychology during a time when behaviorists dominated the field. Tolman made several significant contributions to the field of psychology. At Berkeley University he created a cognitive theory of learning, which became his trademark to the fieldRead MoreCognitive Maps in Rats and Men1456 Words   |  6 PagesRats and Men Edward Chance Tolman made many significant findings to the studies of learning, memory and motivation. Today Tolman would be considered a Cognitive Behaviorist, he developed his own brand of behaviorism which emphasized the purposeful nature behind an organisms actions, taking into account its goals and motivations. â€Å"He is best remembered for being a pioneer in cognitive psychology during a time when behaviorists dominated the field. Tolman made several significant contributionsRead MoreTaking a Closer Look at Behaviorists Essay1963 Words   |  8 PagesMethodological Behaviorism played a major role in the research and experimentation done by John Broadus Watson. Watson did several experiments based on his study of Methodological Behaviorism. It was these experiments that made Methodological Behaviorism the top experimented branch Behaviorism. John Broadus Watson was famous for many of his experiments concerning Methodological Behaviorism. Watson was most famous for his Little Albert experiment. The Little Albert experiment was inspired by IvanRead MoreMajor Principles of Behaviorist and Neo-Behaviorist Theories2412 Words   |  10 Pagesenvironmental stimulus and presence of certain conditioned and unconditioned stimulus forms the base of learning and response in an organism (Tracey Morrow, 2012). 1.2- Operant conditioning theory Operant conditioning theory was presented by B.F. Skinner and the theory states that behavior of an organism is shaped by consequences of that behavior. The term operant refers to an element of behavior that is initially an involuntary action but gets reinforced or extinct depending upon the consequencesRead MoreClassical Vs. Classical Conditioning1295 Words   |  6 Pagesnoticed in following through with more research that a neutral stimulus could become conditioned. This was something that he spent the rest of his life studying. This type of learning became known as classical conditioning. Next we will look at Watson. Watson coined the term behaviorism. This means it is referring to the school of thought that proposed limiting psychology to the study to overtly operable behavior. He and his assistant conducted a study that proved fear could be classically conditionedRead More Learning Behavior Essays707 Words   |  3 Pagesproposed many theories regarding learning. Learning can be defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that is due to past experience.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John B. Watson was an early psychologist that didnt agree with many other psychologists ideas about learning only relating to consciousness and thought processes. As the founder of behaviorism, Watson studied learning in a behavioral perspective, an approach that emphasizes the relationship between outwardly observable behaviors and environmental eventsRead MoreEssay about Psychology: Classical Conditioning1146 Words   |  5 Pagesnoticed in following through with more research that a neutral stimulus could become conditioned. This was something that he spent the rest of his life studying. This type of learning became known as classical conditioning. Next we will look at Watson. Watson coined the term behaviorism. This means it is referring to the school of thought that proposed limiting psychology to the study to overtly operable behavior. He and his assistant conducted a study that proved fear could be classically conditioned

Violent Pornography Is An Example Of Illegal Pornography

There are three types of pornography. There is soft core, hardcore and illegal. Violent pornography is an example of illegal pornography. Violent pornography is defined as sexually explicit material that contains consensual, coercive and violent sexual actions portrayed by men and women. It is morally right for people to sell and use violent and degrading pornography. People should be able to allowed to view violent pornography in privately. It is not affecting other people if the person prefers to watch that type of pornography. If the government censors what people watch, it would go against the First Amendment rights. The First Amendment guarantees freedom of speech, religion, assembly and expression. Freedom of expression is described as when a person is obligated to freely express themselves in whichever way that they please. The government is not allowed to interfere with that right. The right to view violent pornography is under a freedom of expression. It is artistic expression in which actors are allowed to freely express themselves when in comes to their sexual experience. The government should only be allowed to censor material for minors. Minors should not be allowed to view explicit material for the sake of corrupting their callow minds. People are allowed to view certain materials as long as it is not seen as obscene. Obscenity is no t protected under the First Amendment. If people were banned from viewing violent pornography, it would violate the freedom ofShow MoreRelatedPornography is Immoral Essay1057 Words   |  5 Pages In recent years, the term pornography has been primarily associated with that which is accessed and streamed over the internet, rather than the literal definition of, â€Å"obscene writings, drawings, photographs, or the like, especially those having little or not artistic merit.† This form of visual pornography is a popular and successful business as it is viewed for fulfilling pent up sexual desires, however it promotes the act of having multiple sex partners without the need of any commitment. AlthoughRead MoreThe World Of Industrialized And Glamorized Pornography1515 Words   |  7 PagesScrewed Hard†¦ By Society In the past few decades, what has been commonly said to be the world’s oldest profession—sex work—has quickly developed to match the growth and demand of modern media. Mainly, this accounts for the rise of internet pornography. While the increase in availability and ease of access has opened doors to frustrated, stressed, and plain old bored individuals looking for relief, but at what cost? It sells, and it sells well. Unfortunately, it also sells out. Sex is anRead MoreEssay on Pornography1735 Words   |  7 PagesPornography Pornography is ripping apart our society. Although Christians are sometimes discus tied with the impact and apathetic about the need to control this menace. Pornography is a year business with close ties to organized crime. Pornography involves books, magazines, videos, and devices and has moved from the society into the mainstream through the renting of video cassettes, sales Of so-called soft-porn magazines, and the airing of sexually explicit movies on Cable television. Read MoreGail Diness How Porn Has Hijacked Our Sexuality Essay1196 Words   |  5 Pagesrelationship†(xi). With the competition of the pornography industry and the consumer desensitization of porn has driven the porn industry to create more hard core porn to satisfy the consumers and raise profits. In the beginning of the book, Dines’ depicts the history of pornography and the growing number of competition porn has for consumers. Later she describes, the impact porn has on our culture, the effects on both men and women, and our relationships Pornography has a tremendously evolved from beingRead MoreWhy should the internet have more restrictions?700 Words   |  3 PagesWhy should the internet have more restrictions? Violent websites or videos that are posted to the internet are becoming more popular and aggressive. In the past 12 months 5% of youth, 10-15 years of age, have reported engaging in seriously violent behavior such as aggravated and sexual assault, and 38% reported exposure to violence online and off-line were associated with violent crimes. (Ybarra 929) Tested websites included news related websites that showed terrorism, war, and death. As a teenageRead MorePornography Essay1353 Words   |  6 Pageshomes with so few restrictions† (qtd in â€Å"Pornography and Child Sexual Abuse†). The problem addressed in the quote by the U.S. Department of Justice is pornography, a 10 billion dollar industry, has made its way from discreet taboo to something that is today considered acceptable and even common. With the internet being such a common tool, it is no surprise that there is easy access to sexually explicit material. The widespread accessibility and usage of pornography ha s changed people’s outlook on theRead MoreEssay about The Fight Against Child Pornography2339 Words   |  10 Pages     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In recent years, pornography has established itself as perhaps the most controversial topic arising out of the use of the Internet. The easy availability of this type of sexually explicit material has caused a panic among government officials, family groups, religious groups and law enforcement bodies and this panic has been perpetuated in the media.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the unique challenges to regulating or settling on the appropriate way to regulate is that there is no concrete definitionRead MoreDigital Forensics Is The Process Of Uncovering And Interpreting Electronic Data For Use Essay968 Words   |  4 Pages(2007) are both great examples of cases to investigate the case. The primary goal of this document is to demonstrate the importance of digital forensics in solving criminal investigation. In the following paragraph two criminal cases are studied and analyzed. In United States v. Gourde, 440 F.3d 1065, 1077 (9th Cir. 2006), the issued in this case was that Micah Gourde appeals from the district court s denial of his motion to suppress more than 100 images of child pornography seized from his homeRead MoreExposure Of Pornographic Material And An Increase Male Aggression1967 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction In this paper we will look at pornography and the affect it has on male aggression and sexual violence towards women. This paper excludes child pornography and snuff (recorded murder) pornography. It may not be overtly apparent to society what pornography can teach people about gender behavior and attitude towards women but the risks are significant. Though some actions are based in nature, the development of aggression in males who watch pornography is a trait born from experience. InRead MoreThe Effects Of Pornographic Websites On Young Children1363 Words   |  6 Pagessituations and figure out what is inappropriate and what is not. While one can argue that no one can really determine what is suitable for a child’s eye, most groups believe sexual material is harmful to a child’s mental state. In their book, â€Å"Youth, Pornography, and the Internet†, Dick Thornburgh and Herbert Lin note, â€Å"content that is permissive of sexual violence or other neg ative sexual encounters could help to construct sexual schemas that are not beneficial for—or may even be harmful to—the young person†

Designing Drug

Question: Discuss about theDesigning Drug. Answer: Introduction The disorder due to the continuous nerve action is caused due to the disturbance in the process of neurotransmission. In this essay, the action of the drug, which is designed to stop the action of the neurotransmitter release in the pre-synaptic cleft is discussed, which helps in the prevention of disorder due to the continuous nerve movement. The mechanism of endocytosis is used as to design the drug. The endocytosis is a process of active transport, where cell engulfs particles from the extracellular fluid. As it is an active form of transport, energy is required in this form of transport, and it helps in the transportation of the major polar molecules, which are not possible to pass through the hydrophobic layer of the cell membrane (Sigismund et al. 2012). On the other hand, exocytosis is another form of active transport, in which molecules are transported out of the cell to the extracellular fluid (Refer to Appendix). Both endocytosis and exocytosis form the vesicle pathway for the cell. The neurotransmitters are the chemical messengers that help in the process neurotransmission. The chemical messages are passed from one cell to another through the synaptic cleft. These neurotransmitters are small or large-sized proteins that are passed through the endoplasmic reticulum. If the KEDL sequence of peptide is present within the ER, it prevents the protein from leaving the ER. Neve rtheless, if the concentration of the soluble protein within the ER is high, the process of vesicle pathway is carried out and the proteins are transported to the Golgi complex. The soluble proteins are bounded to the KEDL receptor and are transported to Golgi body. From the Golgi body, the protein enters the lysosome and thereby reaching the stage of late endosomes. From lysosome, the particles are sent to the extracellular fluid, with the help of hydrolytic enzyme (Giannotta et al. 2012). Many drugs have the capability to inhibit the action of the neurotransmitter. These drugs are able to inhibit the function of neurotransmitter by binding on the particular target site of the, where the neurotransmitter is supposed to bind. The drug can attach directly to the binding site of the neurotransmitter, which is called the competitive binding. It can also attach to the alternative site, and it is called non-competitive binding (Silverman and Holladay 2014). The precursor enzymes of the neurotransmitter can be inhibited, when the drug binds to the active site of the enzymes. Vesicles are the medium through which, the neurotransmitter are transported. Drugs like dopamine and serotonin are the able to fill the vesicles and thereby preventing the protein from being transported using the mechanism of endocytosis. The calcium ions, which are responsible for the release of neurotransmitter, can be blocked by the release of the docked vesicules. Botulinum is the drug that is responsible for the inhibiting the action of the calcium ion by binding with the proteins present in the neuron membrane (Changingminds.org, 2016). The action of the neurotransmitter can be prevented with the help of the drugs that have the ability to prevent the process of endocytosis. The drug that is designed to prevent the continuous nerve disorder needs to have the characteristics to replicate the property of the neurotransmitter protein. Reference Changingminds.org. (2016). Drug action in neurons. [online] Available at: https://changingminds.org/explanations/brain/brain_chemistry/drug_neuron.htm [Accessed 28 Sep. 2016]. Giannotta, M., Ruggiero, C., Grossi, M., Cancino, J., Capitani, M., Pulvirenti, T., Consoli, G.M.L., Geraci, C., Fanelli, F., Luini, A. and Sallese, M., 2012. The KDEL receptor couples to Gq/11 to activate Src kinases and regulate transport through the Golgi.The EMBO journal,31(13), pp.2869-2881. Sigismund, S., Confalonieri, S., Ciliberto, A., Polo, S., Scita, G. and Di Fiore, P.P., 2012. Endocytosis and signaling: cell logistics shape the eukaryotic cell plan.Physiological reviews,92(1), pp.273-366. Silverman, R.B. and Holladay, M.W., 2014.The organic chemistry of drug design and drug action. Academic press.

Marajuanaeffects And After Affects Essays - Cannabis Smoking

marajuana:effects and after affects One of the most common illegal drug in the United States is marijuana. There are mixed views about this drug, some people want it legalized, other people don't. In this essay, I hope to display the facts about this illegal narcotic, and explain many vie Marijuana has many different names such as "kif" in Morocco, "doggo" in South Africa and "gangi" in India. There are many slang terms for this type of drug such as "grass," "pot," "weed," "reefer," "mj," "boo," "broccoli," "ace'', "joint," "Colombian" Tetrahydrocnnabinal(THC) was not found until the mid 1960's. Marijuana can be used medically or for an intoxicant. Doctors prescribe it to relieve pain for people in chemotherapy, or with other diseases. During the 1960's and 1970's mainly teenagers used marijuana. In the 1970's 11% said they used it daily, but recently, only about 5% use it daily. In 1975, 27% of people said they used it that previous month, and in 1978, that figure grew to 39%, but dr Rapid, loud talking and bursts of laughter are in the early stages of intoxication and sleepy or stuporous is in the later stages. Forgetfulness in conversation, inflammation in the whites of the eyes and the pupils unlikely to be dilated are in the la It is still undetermined whether light doses of marijuana has long term effect. Some short term effects are; it causes a higher heart rate, reddened eyes, clumsiness, and blunt reflexes. The physical effects of marijuana use, particularly on developing adolescents, can be acute. The emotional development of adolescent users may be interrupted. Scientists feel heavy doses during adolescent damages emotional and intellectual development a ne system. Marijuana use has an adverse effect on the social relationships of the user due to severe mood swings and a lack of interest. Marijuana use also causes a motivational syndrome. This means that the user will lose interest in activities and lose Researchers believe that marijuana blocks the messages going to your brain and alters your perceptions and emotions, vision, hearing, and coordination. A recent study of 1,023 trauma patients admitted to a shock trauma unit found that one-third had marij proven to have adverse effects on the female reproductive system. Marijuana and aging affect the brain in very similar ways. This places the long-time user in high risk for serious and premature memory disorders. Marijuana and aging affect the brain in ve If marijuana use is abruptly stopped, certain withdrawal symptoms will be experienced: nausea, insomnia, irritability, and/or anxiety. The 1993 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse reports that: 33.7% of those surveyed admitted to having tried marijuana at some point in their lifetime, 9% admitted to having used marijuana during the past year, 4.3% used the drug in the past month, an I have displayed the different effects and statistics about this drug, and what its used for. Many people think it should be legalized, many people don't. We all have our different views, and insights about this topic, and I hope someday, we will agree