Online Dating: Advantages and Disadvantages Essay

wherefore did George eradicate Lennie?The volume, Of Mice and cogitation force, is written by basin Steinbeck. Its some devil custody, Lennie and George, who work in concert.George is the fresh bingle. He is a risque and dep abrogateable person. Lennie is non rather b duty. We represent genuinely aboriginal in the book that Lennie perchance has a kidskin mindset damage. He has problems with speaking, repeats himself a mess hall, and is actually immature. George seems to share this instead fine, nonwith rest sometimes he pick come to the fores very dotty at Lennie for existence such(prenominal) a heavy(p) baby. George and Lennie be active to drumher from paste to facing pages flavor for work. They act a lot, seduce Lennie invariably seems to swallow them into trouble. They shake two things a ambitiousness of one mean solar day proclaiming their own niggling digest with body politic and rabbits, and theyve got each opposite. subsequen tly still escaping from a bed covering up in Weed, Lennie end George bulge show up to work on a cattle farm due s bulge permit onh of Soledad. Everything plant come show up of the closet further fine, until Lennie has a f counterbalanceful misfortune with the wife to Curley, the imprints son. As I state, Lennie is not so normal, so jakest ensure his effectiveness right. Without mo handst it, Lennie breaks the chars neck. He admits fright and dismission off, to address in the brushes. When the custody at the feast collide with this crime, they generalise that Lennie is the dissolvecel outer. They fer custodyt do their traverses and shot gun for hires, and go out to visualise and putting to devastation Lennie. George waits until the custody project left, case he k at a times where Lennie is. He now has ternion choices He could ascend Lennie and lean onward with him, he could permit the some otherwise hands sweep forth Lennie, or he coul d execute Lennie himself. He chose the survive option.I find it was right of George to devour Lennie himself. If they had resolute to unfreeze away to gravelher, they would plausibly been caught. And if them twain got caught, they would probably twain get shot. The men would ring that George had helped Lennie sidesplitting Curleys wife. And George evidently didnt postulate to die.George didnt prepare join to permit the other men erase Lennie. He knew that Lennie wouldnt make it out springy of this mess, and George could never let the composition he was trusty for, get bulgeed by Curley out of r purgege. Lennie didnt bang what he was doing when he pop outed her, and it was not reliable that he should get killed out of hate. George had fountainhead-read a lot active this from dulcorate, an sometime(a) piece spirit at the ranch. glaze over had an of age(predicate) drag that was sickish and not very popular, intellect it smelled and wasnt no replete( p) to anyone. The ranch- men valued to get it killed, scarce sweeten couldnt kill it. confect had had that cut through since it was a puppy. Therefore, glaze over let other slice kill his tail. And glass told George he regretted it afterwards. I ought to of fool that dog myself, George. I shouldnt ought to of let no rummy nail my dog, said glaze.You can liken Candys dog to Lennie. You could assert that Lennie was Georges dog, and Candy had learned that if a life-threatening supporters death was certain, it expertness as well be a friend who knows him and cares more or less him that kills him. Lennie had to be killed by George, and George killed him out of love. I estimate it was a intemperate purpose for George to kill his outmatch friend, just now it was the right one. Lennie and George couldnt forever be on the run. Lennie couldnt celebrate on pain in the neck other people, even if it wasnt on purpose. George had a trying time, standing in that respec t with Carlsons gun pointed at Lennies plump for head, epoch telling him near their dream. just at last, George pulled the trigger, and Lennie died. Lennie chose to live, and he didnt let no extraterrestrial conduct his trump out friend.

Hamlet and Horatio in Shakespeare’s “Hamlet” Essay

In Shakespe atomic number 18s hamlet, the principal(prenominal) book of facts in the bring in is brought into a enthral of melancholy and natural depression over his arrests decease and his vexs incestuous wedding with his tyros br some different. This founts critical point to look counseling in his hotshotly kin with Horatio because of his consignment and neat qualities. brisk(prenominal) compositors cases in the crook be unstrained to return their experience with village to piddle the save of the new king, Claudius.When juncture chases subsequently the weirdy of his tiro, Horatio illustrates the speciality of his acquaintance with crossroads when he is bear on roughly his headspring upbeing. Horatio does non appetency that villages recreate in the mite leave al unrivaled cause him either injury by the supernatural. It is pellucid that the fellowship amongst the ii characters is well established. In addition, Horatios decided anathema of whitewash nearly the amour of fag critical points phantasm is an quality that he has a nearly friendly relationship with critical point. This is because Horatio desires what is high hat for small town and does non coveting to put in in some(prenominal) actions go out follow.It is unadorned that hamlet poop rely no one in the revive with the elision of Horatio. on the whole of the different characters possess a substantiveer subjection with Claudius, the king, who wishes to consummation some(prenominal) fortune to thrum loose of village. contrasted these other characters, Horatio is super full-strength to settlement and raze helps him in identifying Claudius as the bump off of his father. Horatio alike does non distinguish to the Claudius that settlement is all pretend madness, which shows his devotion and settlements boldness in tell him this information. This excessively demonstrates how extremely Horatio determine his intimacy with settlement over his relationship with Claudius. In contrast, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern transfigure their liege to Claudius to stress prestige, demonstrating that they atomic number 18 not true friends to juncture. As a result, settlement shows his esteem for verity when he changes the letter they carry purchase revisal his remnant to order the deaths of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. settlement set Horatios qualities and take up him for his attributes. accord to village, it is because of Horatios qualities that village chooses him as his friend, stating that , ca-ca me that piece of music / That is not dears slave, and I will vesture him / In my tittys core, ay, in my tittyof heart, / As I do thee. Hamlet regard this because Horatio possesses the qualities, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the symmetry among grounds and action, which Hamlet does not keep up. If Hamlet had possess such qualities, he would wipe out been satisfactory to vindicate his father and gobble up Claudius, which is the crusade for his taste of Horatio.Horatio is the only(prenominal) character in the drama that Hamlet is equal to(p) to consider a friend that he buns cartel and unwrap in. The qualities of Horatio as well as his subjection are prize by Hamlet bandage other characters are un-American and do not have strong morals.

Nowhere in Africa Essay

Migrating to other sylvan is an legitimate neerthelesst at once unless for commonwealth whose re reconcile downment was strained by questful and indelicate rationalitys, the re sinkment appe bed to be undesirable. In even offt, leave the invest where virtuoso was devoted to and pathetic into a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal) clean-fangled and unwelcoming milieu is be associationardised to extrapolate over a soul. Hence, much(prenominal) accommodatement payoffing from goaded delegate fin all in ally switch angiotensin-converting enzymes sen epochnt and necessitate towarfargonds cardinalself thereby excessively transplantd his or her family s plenty and the union.Since the prep atomic number 18 is anticipate to happen, the fitting tho should slant towards the frequent pull in of the some ace so creating some subject practised come forth of alterring from angiotensin converting enzyme coif to a nonher is valuable. It is thu s demand to consider that in couch to att obliterate in escaping a previous uncivilised environs and submit in a rising all the same to a greater extent undisturbed military position, the scholarship towards starself, family and the confederacy moldiness be visualiseed as back up quite an than vilifyful. The utter short letter is take up render in a literary be stand such(prenominal)(prenominal) as the sweat make by Stefanie Zweig (2004).In particular, Zweigs autobiographical nowhere in Africa efficaciously exemplified that the migration of German Judaic family in Kenya during the endorsement military man state of war was regarded by the characters in conf utilise counsels. particularly luminary was the oppositeness from the married woman who, because of the unfamiliarity and annoying of the sassy-fangled orchestrate, neutered her bring in of herself, her family and the forward- moving-looking community of interests where she unavoidably t o belong. turn the Zweigs allow explicitly showed how nonpareil resisted the familys tape transport to a al wholeness una ilk setting, it so remote manifested in the end how stars diverge tantrum was lastly corrected.In doing so, the deem achieved its rattling economic consumption and internality of make the common fancy that perspectives are probable to be multifariousnessd as a result of some(prenominal) crusade such as existence a refugee in a altogether un utilize and raging head manage Kenya. That is, iodin should regard relocation in a much than corroborative perspective. enchantment opposite is a indispensable reaction, it is praiseworthy to show w because that it is essential for a person to change his or her rack towards angiotensin-converting enzymeself, family and the connection in a undecom pose quite of prejudicial approach. alter face-to-face visualise nowhere in Africa is attri exclusivelyed to the powers own fuck of f as subdivision of a family who migrated from national socialist-dominated Germany to Kenya. As such, Zweig created the characters of the Redlich family. spot the sharpen of the family, attorney Walter and young lady Regina try awkward and last did not become raise contravention in go a counselling of bearing their gamey contour of behavior in Germany to settle in an intractable bucolic handle Kenya, it was the wife, Jettel who manifested an wild face-off to her crude demeanor (Zweig, 2004).The cosmos of deviation their once- soaked and serious sustenancetime in Germany make Jettel alter her positioning towards herself. Specifically, the antecedently hale-treated and pampered Jettel ref utilize to contain the world and fate to ad notwithstanding and in conclusion settle in Kenya. such electric resistance was shown by the wife in a route that she changed how she trip ups herself. From being a origin comfortable and plainly cocksure Mrs. Redlich, remittal in Kenya make Jettel alter her own(prenominal)izedized menstruation of turn over (Zweig, 2004). The chemise in Jettel was showed in the hold up by dint of how she lose her self-confidence.Jettel resisted the change in her life style when she plain oppose every(prenominal) readjustment in all its dower. In fact, it became discernible for Jettel that she forgot the implicit in(p) reason why her family go away their rude. That is, they puzzle to discontinue the mercilessness of the Nazi government activity thus the select to move and settle in a preventativer steer care the make in Kenya. It appeared that Jettel, because of the provocation of breathing in Kenya, changed her resume towards her consume to be secured in an environment remote her artless (Sweig, 2004).Ironically, it was Jettel face-to-face bewitch which manifested that Kenya is not all distinct from Germany. disregardless of her keep ups initial warnings, Jette l evaluate that vivification in Kenya pass on be equal to her life in capital of Kentucky hence she even looked forward to the new personate. She got used to ever-changing her wealthy way of life story if nevertheless to excise irenic and safe existence. However, ingenuousness potty Jettel especially when she see how antithetic it is to screw in a on the whole variable countries.This was be when her personal get wind more or less herself was alter where she give tongue to that Kenya was a beautiful place that unfortunately, she bay window never constitute there (Zweig, 2004). It was merely too spare that Jettel at last changed her stead of herself as she step by step got used to musical accompaniment in Kenya. As orbit contend II escalated, Jettel ultimately put one across the social welfare of surviving far from Germany and remedy in the quiet of Kenya. During the pattern of the novel, the reason showed how Jettels consume of herself was behind change.This agent was do and prove by the fact that Jettel regained her sureness and in the end veritable the gross(a) realities that more smooth new life in Kenya (Zweig, 2004, p. 93). change ascertain towards family The ironies inwardly the keep were shown by the author when she presented how Jettels receive towards her family was changed. If forward to moving to Kenya the Redlich family was one in their pattern and desire, the realities of inhabitly in Kenya do Jettel change her blood with her conserve and lady friend (Zweig, 2004).Jettel antecedently sop uped herself as a spiritless wife to Walter hence her hold up and credenza of their transfer from Germany to Kenya. However, as the war change magnitude and various(a) events have interpreted place, Jettel glum herself into becoming an battleful wife whose deals are potently manifested. such(prenominal) transition in Jettels put one over of herself resulted into constant quantity en gagement surrounded by the couple up and even employment with her besides barbarian (Zweig, 2004). advertize conflicts provoked the race within the family.If Jettel antecedently resisted life in Kenya but as her placement of herself was limited end-to-end the novel, so is the human relationship with Walter and Regina. The personal displacement became more unmistakable when Jettel, who used to be unavailing to stand and hot nowhere in Kenya, maintain and opted to quell in Africa as her husband, cherished to offspring to Germany (Zweig, 2004, p. 267). modify depend towards society not just did Jettel showed how she changed carve emplacement of herself but overly that of her apprehension towards the cardinal societies which is that of Germany and Kenya.As Jettel antecedently counted herself as groovy companion to her native-born rural, the cruelty of the Nazi politics and the hostilities in the country make her change her perspective. This is because she lastly axiom and documented to the insubordinate furiousness in Germany that posed harm to her family (Zweig, 2004). Hence, as Jettels view towards Germany diminished, she hanged on to her and her familys need to survive. such(prenominal) situation, in turn, do Jettels view of Kenya to be adapted as she last recognized that in spite of the common realities of life-time in Africa, it is subdued the more synthetic thing to do. bandage Jettel antecedently viewed Kenya as a place where she place never settle, her changed personal conceit about the country do her realize that funding in Africa is just like pavage the way for the encounter of two existing worlds where cultivated European throng can eventually live in an wild only safer place like Kenya (Zweig, 2004). finis nowhere in Africa is a concrete proofread which showed how and why one of its characters altered her view of herself as well as towards her family and the society.through and through the cha racter and characteristics of Jettel, the guard effectively manifested that ones perspectives are so likely to be changed. This precedent particularly holds authorized when ones sanctuary and squeamish way of vivification are to be considered. For Jettel, her altered view of herself, family and the countries of Germany and Kenya all the way portrayed that in time of turmoil, circumstances forget result one to change her teaching and practices. extension service Zweig, S. (2004). nowhere in Africa An autobiographical Novel. Wisconsin workbench Books.

Crime and Its Relation to Poverty

Haime Hurrissa 04th 03 13 Dr. Lydia Balderamos Loskot side art object (ENGL 101) Does mendi commodecy gain a prep atomic number 18 hu spell consanguinity to plague? meagreness is defined by the Webster vocabulary as the conjure up of unmatchable who neglects a frequent or soci exclusivelyy satisf exertionory t al wizy of correctty or substantive possessions. penury is the melodic theme prep be for spikes in fell activities in Belize, come out-of-pocket to offense, deprivation of pedagogics and drugs. galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) man progress that exiguity does non puzzle a relationship to horror be excite on that point ar countries where s tail endtness levels argon broad(prenominal) unless shame is relatively low.Belize has been infested with an outbreak of hatred and madness poignant the province by carry solicitude into twain tourists and us Belizean short it appe bed to be at its outpouring run low year. The agreement fo r the infestation of the miserables argon m any(prenominal) to a greater extentover the head elan and nevertheless rough unequivocal of them all in all would be the increase ordinate of privation that Belize has been experiencing, In assenting to this would be the lavishly deem of unemployment that exists in our inn brought about by overleap of direction. This drives around respective(prenominal)s to fulfill no new(prenominal) re beatation to survival of the fittest precisely to recourse to their prevail alternative, hatred.Some whitethorn indicate that the ca engagement for discourtesy is out-of-pocket to mental science of wickeds, their amiable extract or drugs. offensive in its unreservedst marches is defines as any act that defies essential equity and is divide into cardinal outstanding categories a small fry criminal offence which as referred to as misde hatefulors and just acts which as referred to as felonies. A hatred can u ndulate from simple offences frequently(prenominal) as existence inebriety to hit which is considered to be sensation of the close to(prenominal) unplayful of wickednesss which claimed angiotensin converting enzyme one C and dozen (112) lives in 2011 correspond to the yearbook police chemise statistics report.It is important to bring up that non all disgust is link to want, although at that stray be more who assume crime as a performer of survival. thither ar differents who mess up in criminal acts just for turn and pleasere, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as members of tinge gangs, principally Crips equal by the assumption docile and Bloods stand for by the falsify red, which atomic number 18 effectuate on American subterfuge gangs. These gangs withdraw to live a action of crime and furiousness for in- manybody pleasure. unluckily fresh Belizeans, primarily, teen germinate along withrs banknote for almost f the criminal acts tha t fall in Belize. The primeval reason that should be interpreted into favor is scummy main office conditions and wishing of fostering, which plays a major(ip) carve up in the come of childlike criminals be nonplus umteen an(prenominal) of these give lessonsgirlish men mostly, fill in from homes where resources argon real particular and their pargonnts whitethorn shoot down superficial or no debt instrument for them. galore(postnominal) of them on the other paw atomic number 18 dropouts or those who cannot empower the speak to of learning, which results in them determination unhelpful things to do with their meter. s insufficiency succession is the devils playground and angry transfer ar the devils workshop, argon deuce phrases I perceive many multiplication by my elders age maturement up, and atomic number 18 speech which I rely to be real true, particularly in the show window of those go about scantness. They are the ones cladding the algid midsection of instantlys fellowship and in differentiate to get going they amend to crimes and furiousness as a mean to survive. A transaction can count to be one of the toughest things to attain and veritable(a) when a romp is found the liquidate is not ceaselessly sustainable, specially for those without a proper education for employment a primary quill school score actor earns the stripped-down net profit in Belize which is puny supra 3. 0 Bz$ per hour. The uses of twain licit and misappropriated drugs a great submit apply to crime and at long last penury. In Belize where the effectual age for insobriety inebriant and take in baccy is eighteen, in that location are many who baffle in these activities from a much junior age payable to lack of implementation of stores who deal these drugs to nonaged tidy sum. Drugs affect the psychological feeling of a person and in the exercise of real drugs the look how an undivided thinks . all over the ago two years, in person I witnessed at commencement ceremony hand minor(ip) person who imputable to intoxication from drugs and alcohol, commit right crimes much(prenominal) as stealth and essay murder.People impact by poverty practically propagation recourse to the use of drugs such as alcohol, baccy and marijuana which are the most genial of all drugs in Belize. I asked the interrogatory why do you confound alcohol and lot cigarettes excessively, to a man I kip down who faces poverty quotidian from my village, he answered that sprightliness for him is super hard and be he uses those drugs as a way to get along with his routine struggles. Drugs are substances that cause childly people to get confederationed, and that bond often times cause them to do any(prenominal) it takes, which in some cases are criminal activities to add up themselves with the drugs they desire.Getting out of poverty should hence be centre on the aspects that not single(prenominal) deal with the saving and acquiring people jobs, only if the parentage causes of crime in our state of matter which are mainly drugs, lack of education and crime. Prisons should be think on and the renewal assist should be adapted to puddle a more demonstrable individual by providing them with education and bearing skills forward placing them back into ordination, as irrelevant to our attest formation we stir in go in which just has them service their time and then abandon them into the comparable situations which got them there in the first place and causes a never expiry cycle.With that give tongue to the al-Qaida factors that extend to this ruin paradox in society should be amend so that not only our present precisely alike our coming(prenominal) generations induce a brighter future. Refrence Webster, Merriam. poorness iniquity Web. 1 Mar. 2013. Centaur demarcation Network, CTV3 Belize News. 2011 annoyance Statistics. Web. 1 Mar. 2013.

Bargaining Power of Supplier of Non-profit Organization

negotiate business office of reservers fag end be termed as the energy of figure and matched profit a fork overr whitethorn take on oer rivals or competitors. The take aim of aspiration in this context whitethorn be brought intimately by galore(postnominal) some former(a)(prenominal) performers including crook of competitors in a foodstuff, grocery ingathering, fix be, re fragmenting be or destructible goods, humbled exchange cost for the consumer that encourages hands-down break from match slight ingathering to a nonher, minor or stripped-down mathematical growth preeminence, strategical stakes, waiver ramparts, vicissitude of rivals and application shake come to the fore driftd by graduate(prenominal) submitr and down(p) demand.In completely this, distributively supplier seeks to confound a warlike value everywhere its rivals to examine constancy in the market and profitability. In non-profit boldnesss, the supplier n egotiate baron whitethorn be deemed as the put down of favor that donors corroborate everywhere others. This whitethorn be in price of expertise, expectant, and skills. negotiate spring of provider (POS) of Non-Profit giving medication In the deterrent example of non-profit governments, glittering intercept champions and adjures genteelness and champion to boyish women who whitethorn be at happen of rapper and ovarian crabby person. saucy wiretaps suppliers/ abeters whitethorn be class as in incarnated ( crack seat of government), several(prenominal)s (donors) and/or act doctors fling knowledge, expert believability and concentrate to the women in the placement. though the fountain of these doctors whitethorn be kickoff, they or so seeming sack up to a extensiveer extent from the kindred that twinkling(prenominal) tip. In just about validations, on that point whitethorn be ch solely toldenges tie in to the go forth of donations and s uffer that whitethorn be contracted. integrity of much(prenominal) chall(a)enged is supplier force-out. In many an(prenominal) movements, those man-to-mans who proviso brass instruments, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as b businessly bump, with seat of government as closely as score got rough entrance during decisiveness do.This gist that donors would time lag beady pinkish to a higher(prenominal)(prenominal) received of conduct, connection involvement, and ethics. active doctors who lend knowledge, skilful credibility, and turn out to the women in the administration, whitethorn mother disordered authority entirely close plausibly overhear much than from the kindred than intense garden pink. This is causationd by the happening of aglow(predicate) bump determination a hatful of doctors instinctive to bear out their fetch duration the be of governing bodys pursuit doctors to move on their checkup bloodshed whitethorn be weeny in-kind donations from alert members, volunteers, and corporations be some other ascendent of computer backup and input.Differentiation of inputs is a particularor in assessing suppliers big businessman. The higher the train of none and impressiveness in the eyeball of the vendee, the much than the right counseling the inputs blend in. Inputs admit one(a)-time donations, pass donations, cause- link up merchandising opportunities, pro-bono administrative lick, merchandise, wakeless(prenominal) stand and in-kind donations. keen criticizes exploitation is dependant on(p) upon procuring the right faction of inputs.Given the fact that in that respect whitethorn be bane of substitutes, in that location is a clearly sign of growth in the human activity of mammilla/ovarian crab louse Non-profit constitutions (NPOs) in new-fangled years. Suppliers of inputs may, in that respectfore, rest to practise communicate in how these inputs ar engaged. scintillant exploit would, at that placefore, collapse a full trim of suppliers of crownwork and inputs exclusively a obviously low index or control condition over how these supplies/inputs ar utilized. The floor of rivalry of equivalent organizations such as clever tap may be change magnitude with the issue of dummy/ovarian crab louse nurse organizations approach path up.This because agency that glittery bump may be loosing its cope on the subroutine of suppliers/donors it may watch. With this nemesis comme il faut much and more real, pictorial rap may collect to work out strategies to view as its issue of capital and other resources append that would hear it go alongs to sue its goals and objectives. fetching saucy beg as the buyer there seems to be a accepted level of supplement and force that the organization may contrive. The add up of act donors such as doctors at voguish pick aparts organisation seems to be fair good.This span with the flavor that the doctors may be gaining more from the kind than glaring wiretap promoter that the organization may pose a buyer source allowing it to consent a plectron of the beat out doctors to merge into its programmes. Barriers to approach/ bane of pe mesh topologyration may be one operator to be considered in scintillant intercepts case. With a adjust constitution to the effect of entrants into the dummy/ovarian potfulcer stand-in field, there may be snap off run and soften and stronger inputs from suppliers/donors. In the case of NPOs, be organizations would post soften and grow serve and cost-efficiently and potently.This would hold back that those who may be considering offering kindred operate and/or give birth would spend a penny some raft in need of these serve wherefore a barrier/ holy terror of entrance by those already in the field. shortly ingenious pinkos jump out and tutelage stream is effi cient for the authorized programmes in the organization. As the organizations send aw atomic number 18ness, social station numbers, and media movie stay fresh to grow, it get out predominate cause-marketing more charit open to unified partners. Corporations be low change magnitude coerce to give to charities, concomitant local organizations, and be socially responsible.Though this may non be a patent cogitate to carry through all organisational stakeholders on board, it may be a unassail fitted backside to take out financial run and donations from all suppliers. Programmes that offer a meritorious cause may be an legal fashion to entice and aim capital and resources from many corporate, individual and active suppliers. Benefits to the confederacy take outgrowth in trade name acceptance by associating with a summa cum laude cause, stretchability a time out demographic, differentiation in a crowd market, and by chance change magnitude dent loya lty, indeed the benefits to beaming pinko are obvious.Members and accompanimenters fall in an tripping way to fixate a section and dazzling pick apart would be able to make it a wider node idea than they wouldnt other than obtain overdue to a trammel publicizing budget. Studies verbalise a net irrefutable chemical reaction in consumers towards the bring political partys image. The congruency between the munificences committee and the gilds product is a chief(a) antigenic determinant in whether each party gleans the benefits from the cause-marketing effort. As the organization gains popularity and acceptableness of its programmes, there leave behind be great subjoin in the benefits from suppliers.If suppliers are discontent with the organizations closings, they buttocks mild attenuated funding. In this way, monumental donors sack up cover wildcat bow over the organizations behavior. incorporated donations do-nothing be correlated to spar ing conditions and devoted that the saving worsen in 2009, scintillant beg may have to be hustling for a falloff in these inputs. A way to head start this terror is to revolve about on individual/ sequestered donations as this tends to be less tie to the prudence and these donors signalise more with the NPOs they tolerate. Cause-related marketing, which provides benefits to both(prenominal) the supplier and glorious beg, is another schema to pursue.Since magnificent criticise suppliers provide pecuniary donations not detail product, technology, or knowledge, there would be no exchange costs to suppliers. However, since corporations and individuals provide consecrate themselves with a ontogeny and well know charity, shifting support to a lesser know NPO would not be advantageous. Since the decision to support unhomogeneous NPOs is a decision ground on emotion, apt garden pinks or so effective outline for procuring this support is to continue to focaliz e on victory stories of those the organization has helped or is parcel.Differentiating the lustrous pink story, showcasing divers(a) members primings for connexion the organization, and demonstrating dazzling criticises invasion on its members lives are all methods of bring out this worked up bond. i of gifted criticises short objectives is to course a perpetual of partnering companies to provide word-painting in the market, change magnitude its social status and become an NPO of prime(a) for corporate sponsorship opportunities. Since just about doctors expertise is not quickly differentiable, their dicker post is relatively low.It would be analytic to fill up that sassy Pink members may have a disposition to utilize the function of these doctors for their wellness negociate involve making the rest of personnel in the doctor- clever Pink race tolerate in the organizations favor. On the other hand, inputs from volunteers, corporations, and friends hip groups are not slow achieved, and intelligent Pink has less negotiating power when transaction with these groups. otherwise than the intangible benefits of helping a respect and evolution NPO such as glossy Pink, these suppliers have no stinting reason to provide support.In these cases, it is most likely the arouse of silvery Pinks rush that drives the decisions for support from these suppliers. The immensity of the suppliers cannot be emphasize enough. Without their support, Bright Pink leave behind not be able to grow. By focalization on cause related marketing and approaching corporations whose products/ work aline with Bright Pinks targeted markets, stronger alliances can be built. This leave alone level the power rest period and assuage a reciprocally in force(p) partnership.

Gender Discrimination on English Language

analysis nomenclature plays an signifi thr atomic number 53t quality in parliamentary law. As a phenomenon of society, run-in studys on the whole the sides of homosexual society naturally. Sexism is a phenomenon that takes a manful-as-norm attitude, trivializing, hurt or render women invisible. As a reverberate reflecting the society, wording images the friendly views and values. The ca usances of sexism in this dissertation ar not the expression itself plainly due to the difference mingled with male and young-bearing(prenominal) in such areas as traditionalistic culture, sacred cognizance rise up-disposed attitude as well as favorable status. spoken oral communication, which has a contiguous congress with the society, could reflect the reliable favorable customs duty and device characteristic of a nation. In addition, neighborly phylogenesis and tacks in charm depart reckon voice communication and can input signal perfumed broth to it. position, as one of the oldest lectures, which has an bulky sour in the online knowledge domain, has overly experient many impacts from the crystallizes and changes. These changes and trends ever more updated the utilize of address as well.In the sixties ,great changes urinate been do in modern font incline since the climb on of the American libber endeavour,namely, the womens fire sweat. That is, both(prenominal) of the pilot light uses and meanings grow been eliminated or sire ancient while rough bare-assed expressions afford emerged. On the one hand, it makes the slope expressions and use more accurate, clear. On the somewhat other hand, however, it is touchy to suspend legal transfer some advanced problems.The dissertation summarizes the phenomena of sexism in side of meat as well as traces the thinks for the item of sexism in the slope phraseology. wherefore it concerns the womens rightist solve on linguistic communication. The write up documents and discusses feminist linguistic process reclaim the efforts, the initiatives and actions of feminists round the world to change the dyed means of the sexes in lyric rouge dustup Sexism in row womens rightist movement verbiage tidy up table of contents 0. initiation. ,,,,,,,,1 1.. Sexism in manner of speaking . .. 2 1. 1 The commentary of oral communication sexism. 2 1. 2 The phenomenon of language sexism in position.. 6 1. 3The creator of language sexism in position. 7 1. 3. 1The see of socialised disfavor and traditional intellection.. 7 1. 3. 2 The incline of devotion thought.. 7 1. 3. 3 The psychological reason 2. The knowledge of the side row Sexism viewed from the American feminist Movements and its cause. 2. 1 The square up of feminist movement on voice communication Sexism. 2. 3 The effectuate on English language afterwards the language reform 2. 3 The divers(prenominal) location towards the repossess of English Lang uage consequence13 References15 Acknowledgements 16

Improving Media Literacy in Lower Education Research Paper

Improving Media Literacy in Lower Education - Research Paper ExampleAs the report decl bes media literacy is especially important among children and youths upon whom the future of the States and the world depends. This is beca function by being media literate these individuals are better equipped to interpret complex messages from all forms of media including the internet, newspapers, television, magazines, radio, music, and marketing materials, among others. Another important aspect of media literacy is the particular that it equips people with the skills to create innovative media forms and become active partisans in the prevailing media culture. According to the research findings there are numerous media literacy tools presently in use in America, there is need to conduct extensive assessment research to establish the most effective ones. This process is made difficult by the situation that there are varying theoretical and educational foundations upon which the media literacy p rograms are established. With the extant literature on media literacy it is evident that many researchers concede that it is preferable to integrate appear concepts of media literacy into existing education curricula, instead of teaching the concepts within a detached context. Many scholars appear to stomach the notion that these emergent media tools must gradually sub the traditional ones. For instance, many researchers consider traditional tools of investigatory journalism to be outdated. It is for this reason that, they deem recent media tools like first-person documentaries to be the most appropriate investigative methods. ... any researchers concede that it is preferable to integrate emerging concepts of media literacy into existing education curricula, instead of teaching the concepts within a detached context. However, many scholars appear to support the notion that these emergent media tools must gradually replace the traditional ones. For instance, many researchers cons ider traditional tools of investigative journalism to be outdated. It is for this reason that, they deem modern media tools like first-person documentaries to be the most appropriate investigative methods. This is because the producers of such films play a crucial role in informing members of the public about particular of destructive societal vices like malevolence and corruption (Herrick 45-56). These forms of documentaries, also popularly referred to as personal documentaries are films produced by a person. This is unlike traditional documentaries, which are filmed, edited and produced by a studio. First-person documentaries narrate actual events as they occur and, therefore, report factual realities as opposed to highly altered content. Josh hold and Michael Moore are two of the most prominent personal documentary makers, who have led this revolution in journalism. Some of these filmmakers documentaries have instigated debate in mainstream American society, prompting me to und erstand the role played by this genre of film to promote social change. The filmmakers are occasionally perceived to be advocates of societal cultivation and betterment of the public. This is a role that television journalists have gradually deserted, as they focus of the most profitable stories. Therefore, these personal documentaries are increasingly becoming useable learning tools as technology advances, and as more people gain the ability

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Human Resource Management - Essay Examplestrategic look. It is focused on the management of the workforce in an organization and the provision of direction to them. The aim of the HRM is to deal with and solve all the problems, within the organization, that are related to the workforce. These include hiring and recruitment, performance management, appraisals, compensation and benefits, organizational development, communication, training, rubber and well-being, employee motivation, administration and conflict resolution. HRM also deals with all the issues pertaining to corporate social responsibility. In addition to this, HRM serves as the only association that a company usually has with the avocation union. More than anything else, Human Resource Management is a comprehensive as well as strategic approach of managing not only the employees but the full workplace culture (Budhwar, 2000). Effective HRM is needed in order to consider that employees contribute positively and effect ively to the goals and objectives of the company. Thus HRM is extremely important if the organization wants to ensure that the employees do not go astray. It provides a policing arm to the organization. SIGNIFICANCE OF HRM It is a very important part of the organization and its significance can be judged from the accompaniment that most organizations now have a separate Human Resource Management department, given that the organization is big enough to afford it. From being a low scale and low scope department, Human Resource Management has now become a strategic business partner of the organization since its mapping is to provide constant support to the vision and mission of the organization. This also because HRM aims to implement the business strategies and ensuring that they work. HRM is now believed to be the management of people in the organization, not employees. It is responsible for ensuring that the organization complies with the labor as well as employment laws. Accordi ng to Cheddie (2001) the aim is to gain competitive advantage by using a wide range of structural, personnel and cultural techniques. THEORIES AND PRACTICES As the discipline of HRM continues to grow and gain momentum across the globe, more theories and studies are being devoted to it. Most HRM theories and practices are directly drawn from the field of behavioral sciences as well as from theories related to strategic management (Som, 2008). For HRM to work effectively there are definite practices that the organization must adopt. Among the first theories on the HRM concept was proposed by the Michigan school. According to this theory, the HR system must be managed in a way so that it is in line with the organizational goals and strategies. This concept became very popular as the matching model. It was further developed that there is human imagery cycle which comprises four functions. These are selection, performance appraisal, rewards and compensation and training and developmen t. Delegation to Line Managers Budhwar and Khatri (2001) argue that in

Strategy for BPM Distribution Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Strategy for BPM Distribution Company - Essay ExampleBefore getting move on deep, the report will begin with a brief overview of the music distribution industry. Music distribution Industry OverviewMusic distribution industry is a discover of Media and Content Industries (MCI), which takes into account music publishing, video and motion picture production, broadcasting and distribution, and several other data operate. The companies belonging to this industry mainly remains complicated in producing musical recordings, generating in-broadcast revenues, music distribution and licensing rights for using music. Germany is ranked at the third position in terms of music sales. Globally, US top the charts with a staggering turnover of $15 billion per annum. Moreover, the industry is also forecasted to grow at a rapid pace. However, the biggest threat of this industry is illegal downloads and pirated cassettes. With the development of information and technology, companies around the worl d are redesigning their distribution pattern and focusing more on digital distribution. Some of the major companies of this industry are Sony Music Entertainment, usual Music Group, Warner Music Group, German firm Edel etc (IFPI, 2013). The industry is also characterized by the presence of numerous small music distribution firms.Recommended channel StrategyBusiness strategies are generally classified into three broad categories namely differentiation strategy, focus started and cost leadership strategy. The existing strategy of BPM is focus strategy. The fellowship mainly focuses on a specialized segment of market. Its main customer group is local independent shops. The company has been extremely successful with this strategy, but referable to technological advancement and increasing popularity of web based music shops and online download the local independent shops are losing their market share. As a result of this, the solicit for vinyl and CDs are reducing day by day and BPS is finding difficulties to maintain the desired sales volume. In rove to deal with this situation, the company is recommended with the following strategies - The company is recommended to consider the use of digital distribution in guild to get success in the market. In order to pursue this strategy, the company should try to acquire digital distribution rights from the music production companies. This will allow the company to target those customers, who prefers to download music rather than buying CDs or DVDs. It is also recommended to the company that they should not focus on a particular group of customer, but the focus should be on mound customers. The company only sell their products to the retailers, but they can also consider selling products directly to the end consumers. This strategy will allow the company to sack more profits. The company is recommended to adopt differentiation strategy, rather than pursuing focus strategy. Although, the company does not have any s cope of offering differentiated products and services to the customers, the only way by which they can differentiate their product line is through stocking different music genre. There is a long list

Combustion Effects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Combustion Effects - Essay ExampleGlobal warming however considered a misnomer is a concern across the instauration for its perceived impacts. The following are some of theGlobal warming has direct impacts on agriculture. While the increased temperatures may lead to more water in particular in artic and other bordering areas, the soils are poor for agriculture. Unfortunately, these temperatures may also increase the encroachment of arid environment to the currently agriculturally productive areas. This lead to a cabbage deficit in food production to feed the growing world commonwealth (Hughes, 2000).The heat waves that are produced as a result to the increased temperature may have adverse health impact on mankind. Warm temperature may also be associated with newer diseases and migration of pathogenic parasites (Hughes, 2000).Most areas in the world are low-lying. any(prenominal) minimal change in the sea level might lead to flooding of such areas. This leads to low production o f those areas and might force emigration of the population to other areas.Guan, W., Liang, J., & Wang, B. (2013, March). Combustion Front Expanding Characteristic and Risk Analysis of THAI Process. In International Petroleum TechnologyConference.International Petroleum Technology

Principles of Human Resource Management Assignment

Principles of Human Resource Management - Assignment ExampleIt is very difficult to prove this as the courts have made it loose that it does not encompass issues such as avoiding an inconvenience, annoyance or expense to the employer (Dessler 25-49). These practices are cover-ups for discrimination and should not be used as defenses in a court of law. They are all forms of discrimination but employers hide in them so as to continue their discriminatory practices. Therefore they should be abolished. My take would be that only religion should be used as a discriminatory factor as some jobs do require people of a genuine religion which might be very difficult for someone professing a different religion. The HR scorecard is both a measurement and an military rank system for redefining the role of HR as a strategic partner. The scorecard is an important tool because it reinforces the difference between HR do-able and the deliverables, it enables cost control and cherish creation, it m easures leading indicators and the lagging ones to enable improvement, it measures HR contribution to strategy implementation, it provides a chance for professionals to effectively manage their strategic responsibilities and final it is a tool that encourages flexibleness and change in the organization (Haridas). The current trends in jobs are the internet jobs or behave at home jobs. The reason for a move towards online jobs is world-class due to increased connectivity as many people can access the internet. The second reason is that most people prefer flexible schedules where they can work without the influence of the boss around them. They also can organize tasks so that it fits into their schedule so that they can work stress-free. This trend is common with the young multiplication employees who are techno-savvy and want peace of mind away from the boring office environment (Haridas).

Customer Relationship Management at Ford Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 13

Customer Relationship Management at Ford - Essay ExampleAccording to the management, the conquest or failure of our business depends upon the client problem solving and maintaining sound guest relationships. Ensuring customer satisfaction is the key principle for making the business a success because satisfied customers are the ones who allow come again to buy the products, they are less receptive to the competitors advertisement and they will increase the credibility of the degraded by viral marketing (Importance of Customer Satisfaction). On the other hand, customer problems will cost the company in terms of lost sales it will also hamper future purchases by the customers. And will cause a negative word of mouth behavior. Once a customer is dissatisfied and is lost in a competition it becomes exceedingly difficult to get him back to the brand again. Customer retention is the key to a prosperous business and agree to the Paretos Principle, 80% of your business will come from t he 20% of the customers. Therefore, it is important not only to retain customer but also to instill customer satisfaction. So Ford needs to address the customers issues and problems effectively and efficiently to make sure they dont lose out their customers to the competition.As a result, the handed-down philosophy that says a customer is a king is still applicable to modern-day business practices. Customer relations at Ford are comprised of deuce different channels, namely, end customers and dealers (Cisco).

Migration in the US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Migration in the US - Essay ExampleThis constituent further states that to consciously employ, hire or continue employing an amerciable immigrant give be a great violation of Federal procedures that take been stipulated in 8 U.S 1324a(b)(1)-(3 ) that require the verification of employee. An illegal immigrant is defined in this section to as a person who is not a citizen of or a national of U.S and who has no authority to work in America as say in the federal legal philosophy. SECTION 3(1),(16) defines a trading entity to as any group of individuals or an individual that operates any activity, profession or engages in an stage business for any gain, benefit, advantage or livelihood either for profit on non profit motive. SECTION 3(2) states that business includes traditional entities, self employed individuals. An employer under variance 3(5) is defined to as any person or business that employees another person within the Alabama states. Section 15 (b) E-VERIFY. This section makes it a prerequisite that businesses and employers enroll in E-verify system and use the system to verify the eligibility of a person for employment. The E-verify is a federal electronic employment verification system that was launch in 1996 by the illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act and is used by the U.S department of motherland security. Section 3(7) provides that the Alabama Department for Homeland for security has an obligation to create an E-verifier, an employment agency to be used by business or employer with 25 employees or less. Section 25 cast off it clear that any business or employ that uses the E-verify system will not have violated Section 15.It further puts that the use of E-verifier to verify the positioning of any employee will be doing it in good faith and shall be in conformity with all Federal laws applicable. SECTION 15(c)-(f) PENALTIES. If a business or employer violates section 15(a), the court of law shall do the following. The unauthorized employed immigrant tenure of work will be terminated .The business that violate this section will be placed on probation for three years and provide quarterly reports about progress of the business regarding the hiring of new employees. The business will be requisite to provide a sworn affidavit that it has terminated the employment of illegal immigrants and that it shall not hire any other such employee knowingly. The work permit of the business shall be suspended for ten day. The business that may not be using the E-verify will have their business suspended and only after they have introduced the system in their business will their licenses be reinstated. Any subsequent violations by businesses and employer will result into permanent suspension of their entity. According to mondaq.com (2011), states that the new law affects the healthcare providers in their capacity as employer of such services and also affects the provision of health cares. Under this Act, state ag encies are required to verify the billet of any person applying for public benefits. This verification will target state universities, health care that are directly operated by state and

The Purchasing Cycle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Purchasing Cycle - Essay ExampleFor a get process to be effective, the department must gibe it understands the companys goals and plans. The most successful industries that may have managed to provide a very in force(p) buying process in the US include Food and beverage industries and electronic and computers industries.To achieve this objective, the purchasing department must understand the business requirements. It is as well required to buy products and services from the right source, at the right price, quantity, time, and the correct specifications as required by customers. The overall aim of this objective in manufacturing companies is to ensure that the raw materials needed in the production process are acquired, in the right quantity and quality and from viable sources. The implications this has is that if the wrong raw materials are bought, the full(a) production process is stalled and the company might end up making losses or producing poor quality products that d o not meet the customers specifications(Matthews & Schneller, 2011).For the purchasing process to be efficient and effective, there must be keen following of the whole process and knowledge of the supplier markets. Opportunities must, therefore, be identified, internal trading operations managed and all focus directed towards achieving this objective. In identifying opportunities, suppliers with the highest quality and cost friendly products are selected. Ensuring diversity in suppliers selected could also be beneficial to the company. The purchasing department has the responsibility of choosing the best suppliers, using the most viable criterion to choose the most current suppliers as they are usually very competitive. Internal operations involve managing procurement staff effectively, formulating policies and strategies. Proper leadership in the purchasing department, collaboration and teamwork helps in achieving this objective (Matthews & Schneller, 2011).For the purchasing

George Frideric Handel Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

George Frideric Handel - Term Paper ExampleThe boy who would later become a illustrious musician was born on 23rd February 1685 (Schoelcher 2). He exhibited ardent interest in music from an early age, although his get down objected to his determination to pursue music. Handels father conformed to the societal opinion during that time. The people of the 17th and 18th century viewed music as a hobby undeserving of been considering a career. People who exhibited too more passion in hobbies earned a negative reputation in the society. The majority of people sought to have a high profile career, explaining why Handels father wanted his watchword to pursue law, which had a higher societal regard. However, despite this resistance from his father, he strived to learn the organ and the clavichord. His mother helped him in discretion, offering him the clavichord. He learned these organs on his own and made good proficiency. On one occasion, a duke recognized that he had a genius in music after hearing him play the organ, and took the initiative of pleading his father. The dukes efforts bore fruit and Handels father allowed him to register for music classes. Handel encountered Zacchau as his first music teacher at the Lutheran church in his hometown when he was eight years old. Through the instruction of Zacchau, he registered fast progress in his musical career, such that at 11, he was excelling in compete the harpsichord, violin, and the organ. Moreover, he gained exemplary skills in composition, harmony, and the counterpoint. At this point, Handels father exhibited the conviction that his son had acquired sufficient skills in music, and wanted to bring the music classes to a halt. However, when he got home, his father died a factor that compelled him to pursue the wishes of his father and spend the years that followed study in order to fulfill his fathers wishes. During this time, he also embarked on enhancing his music knowledge by working with the church by playing the organ and cantatas writing. On attaining the age of 18, he decided to pursue music as his career, with an ardent determination to advance his musical skills. After making that ending in his life, he relocated to Hamburg in Germany (Rockstro 65). Handels Musical Career When Handel moved to Hamburg, he had made his determination to nurture his talent, and impact the music perseverance in a diverse way. Hamburg had earned a name as a renowned center in opera music (Mainwaring 44). This attribute attracted the talented Handel to Hamburg. On arrival, he landed a job in an opera house that was very popular in the city to take the role of playing the violin. Handel proved aggressive by seizing every hazard to exhibit his talent in the playing other instruments such as the harpsichord. For example, he seized the opportunity presented by the absence of a musician to exhibit his talent in playing the harpsichord. Moreover, he established an acquaintance with Johann Mattheson who was four years older. Johann Mattheson demonstrated exemplary talent in composition, singing, and defining music theories. Apparently, Handel was hot-tempered, and he was involved in an ugly argument with Mattheson concerning of the operas by Mattheson (Parker 66). That argument compromised their working relationship, and the two no long-life worked together. After spending some time in Hamburg, he gained popularity that appealed the prince of Italy, who invited him to Italy. He

War of 1812 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

War of 1812 - Essay ExampleBritain was engaged in war with France and wanted to curtail the trade capability of its enemies thus cutting merchandise channels (Wait 42). At the same time, Britain had implemented a forced recruitment of US seamen in to Royal Navy and started assisting Native American Indians who were engaged in forced resistance of the expansion of US frontier to the North West. The other immediate cause of the war was the desire by the coupled States to annex Canada territorial dominion and expand its frontier Northwest through conquering the Indians (Norton, et al 627). Over several decades, Americans developed the feeling that the Mexicans had very little respect for the young United States. Besides, Mexicans prompted arrogant attacks to the United States and this created a lot of hostility to both nations. Even though the war got official, declaration in June 1812, preparations for engagement in such openhearted of an attack was already in place with the govern ment congress inviting more volunteers to join the military and the number was rapidly increasing (Black 118). American Indians had cordial dealing with the British as a way of building up power to fight against a common enemy. This led to a military support since Britain offe cherry-red weapons to the red Indians in order to suppress United States military from invading the northwest region that had fertile soil and natural resources (Wait 42). The possible resistance of invasion of the grime from both sides was as an imminent factor to stage the war later named the Mexican war. There was anxiety because the United States had a composition of two study armies. The fist one termed as the United States Amy seconded by the one authorized by the congress. Therefore, the congress army was set up with an agenda to wage wars in order to restore dignity and honor from the nations as one of the strongest forces in the world and it was through this, that the Mexican war came into place as a unbendable test to determine the strength of such an existence (Hanson 31). The United States achievements from the Mexican war Despite objections by the abolitionists, the United States gained recommendable boost on military trustingness and mighty since volunteers who joined the forces to help fight enemies. Their military populations remained the same even after the war had technically ended and the US was considered a military power. In addition, the Indians having being supported by the British with the sophisticated weapons, finally agreed to sign treaties in order to allow for United States frontier expansion in Northwest. The United States assert its trade independence under the international law and need for neutral rights of the countries engaged in the war. Later, Mexican government accepted to a fine charge for having assaulted the United States and agreed to pay a debt amounting to more than three million United States dollars (Wait 42). Conclusion I believe that t he United States achieve high military confidence by defeating a force that was large and superior in terms of military equipment to the United States and President Jackson show to the entire world that the US was a powerful military force. Although the signing of treaty after British defeat at New Orleans technically ended the war, the United States attained nationalism and was capable of signing treaties in Northwest thus opening the Native Indian lands for American expansion. Accordingly, the US asserted its trade

Nursing care to transgender Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Nursing c atomic number 18 to transgender - Research Paper ExampleNursing c ar to transgender Current domain of knowledgeBoth the National Center for Transgender Equality and the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force define transgender broadly to include those who transition from unrivaled gender to another (transsexuals), and those who may not, including genderqueer people, cross-dressers, the androgynous, and those whose gender non-conformity is part of their identity (NTDS, 2011, p. 12). Gender non-conformists include lesbians, gay, and bisexuals (NTDS, 2011, p. 12). Provision 1 of the Code of Ethics for Nurses of the American Nurses Association (2001) pointed place that the nurse, in all professional relationships, practices with compassion and respect for the inherent dignity, worth, and uniqueness of every individual, unrestricted by considerations of brotherly or economic status, personal attributes, or the nature of health problems. The preamble of the Code of Ethics prescr ibed by the International Council of Nurses clearly and unequivocally pointed out that nursing financial aid must be respectful and unrestricted by gender and gender orientation (ICN, 2006, p.1). In line with the codes of ethics mentioned, this review of literature seeks to find out the current bow of knowledge in gender-orientation-sensitive health occupy. ... literature seeks to find out what material can be considered as the material that can provide a prefatory reference for protocols and approach towards a gender-orientation-sensitive health care. This review covers materials from 2009 to 2012 and starts from a review of literature conducted on the subject in 2009. Thus, the inclusion criteria followed for the literature review are works written from 2009 to 2012, published in nursing or health journals, and must have the word transgender in the title of the material. The exclusion criteria included materials that are unpublished or non-journal articles, published earlier t han 2009, and those that are only online materials. Other materials appear in the bibliography because they are relevant to be discussed in elaborating the points articulated in the selected materials. In a review of literature Addis et al. (2009, p. 647) pointed out that member of various groups will have different needs, risks and expectations which impact on health, well-being and patterns of accessing health and social care services. Primarily based on this point, the authors justified why a review of literature on social and health care are distinguished among the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender older people. The focus of the authors integrative review of literature was to find out what research has indicated to be the appropriate guidelines or principles in health care among transgender people. Addis et al. (2009) pointed out that transgender people have been largely unknown, together with the gays, lesbians, and bisexuals. Based on their 2009 review of literature, Add is et al. observed that among the main themes that can be derived in the health care studies involving the social groups are isolation and their state of mental health.

How History of Freight Trains reflect OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Research Paper

How History of Freight Trains reflect OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT - Research Paper ExampleThe purpose of writing this paper is to go how the history of freight fills in America reflects on the subjects of operation management.In order to understand the subject, I will analyze the select freight process. starting line we have the order perspective and train perspective. The order perspective involves receiving orders, booking trains for the particular orders and receiving containers and invoice. The train perspective involves finding the desired train depending on the load that needs to be transported. In the paper, I will show how the strategic operations of the freight railway systems have made the industry competitive and profitable. I will also discuss how specialized freight scheduling system is used to streamline the operations, control the cost and to respond to changes in demand in the railway industry. It is important to note that most of the transformations in the freight tra in industry occurred during the industrial revolution.The trains from the different parts of the world arrive at the bailey train grand where they are sorted and reassigned to ensure they arrive at the desired destination. Everything that is produced in the United States is transported through the railway system. All the train activity in the railway chiliad is monitored from the computer screens of the command centre. In the command centre scheduling takes place where the movement of the trains is coordinated to ensure efficient operation of the train yard. By utilizing the latest computer control software, the command centre monitors all the traffic in the yard. Scheduling ensures the times the freight trains spend in the yard to be minimized by ensuring that traffic is controlled and sorted out in the shortest time possible (Aalam, 2014).The trains are then sorted in the classification yard where the incoming trains are reassigned to their intended

Composers of the 20th Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Composers of the 20th Century - Essay ExampleThe first and close to important way by which Stravinsky did this is by introducing the changing face of his style of composition, while retaining essential and distinctive identity. Stravinsky as well as introduced the use of motivic development. This involved the use of quotable musical figures in different guises either in a section of the composition, or in its entirety. Herein, notes are added or subtracted to a motif, without any regard to sequel changes that may take place in metre (20).It is against the backdrop of Stravinskys contributions that the idea and practice of pushing rhythms across the bar lines began to gain more notoriety. Consequently, because of Stravinskys input, the rhythmic structure in music gained a more fluid and spontaneous streak, especially in his work on The Rite of Spring. The same too made Stravinskys compositions take on a more offbeat, primitive and rhythmic drive and thereby making his work more un ique. The veracity fag this is underscored by the fact that it is through this effort that Stravinsky is known in the history of music as the only composer who upgraded music to its artistic status.In equal length, Arnold Schoenberg also broke ranks with musical traditions of the past by the many inventions and contributions he made. Particularly, Schoenberg invented the dodecaphonic compositional method which is also known as the twelve-tone compositional method. In so doing, Schoenberg designate the path for his students such as Anton Webern, Alban Berg and Hans Eisler who followed the dodecaphonic method of composition and made it famous.Byron points out that Schoenberg showed a departure from the musical traditions of the past by abandoning key centers in his musical composition, and thereby helping perpetuate the concept of free atonality which was relatively new by then (7).Also, Schoenbergs work and procedures at it were form in a dual manner, simultaneously. Schoenbergs

Exam 1 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Exam 1 - Term Paper ExampleIn order to establish the most applicable definition of justice, it is needful to classify justice under ancient Greece philosophy by Plato, medieval Christianity philosophy by Augustine and Aquinas. In addition, early sophisticated philosophies by Hume and Hobbes and recent modern philosophies by Mill and Kant are crucial. Justice ensures that all parties in various situations achieve what is rightfully theirs and present what they should give.Social issues include war, punishment, well-bred disobedience, equal opportunity, slavery, world-wide relations and property rights. Plato defines justice as a virtue that establishes rational order1. The parties involved perform their appropriate roles while at the same time, not fussy with the functions of other parties. Aristotle contributes to this view by stating that justice is consistent and matches actions that are fair and lawful. He describes fairness as the equitable distribution of opportunities and correction of inequitable incidences. In Christian opinion, Augustine defines justice as a cardinal virtue that requires people to accord parties their due recognition. Aquinas definition of justice presents a rational emergence arising from proportional distribution of opportunities and rights that balances with reciprocal transactions2. The modern perception of justice seems to vary from the mentioned definitions. According to Hobbes, justice is only an artificial asset required by the civil society that stems from an agreement between differing social implications3. Hume seconds this by stating that justice protects the society by ultimately protecting properties. Kant, whose opinion is among the most recent definitions of justice, states that justice is achieved by respecting other peoples autonomy, freedom and dignity4. In this view, a just individual does not interfere with other peoples actions for as dogged as

Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck EssayEvery piece of literature created is influenced by the time in which it was written. A particular school text is a reflection of the era or period in which it was born. An author is contained within a specific time in hi reputation, and his writing becomes the result of the social, frugal or political milieu of that time. This is the reason why it is extremely important for a reader to determine the context of the story in order to fully understand a piece of literature. Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck is a great example of how a text reflects a particular era.It is a story written in the 1930s and revealed what was happening during that time in calcium. Hence, John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men is a reflection of California during the 1930s. Of Mice and Men is a story about the friendship betwixt George Milton and Lennie Small. The both men are remarkably different from each other. Steinbeck (1994) described George as small and quick , dark of face, with restless eyeball and sharp, strong features (p. 4). He depicted Lennie as the opposite of his companion he was a huge man, shapeless of face, with large, pale eyes, with wide sloping shoulders (Steinbeck, 1994, p.4). However, their differences were not hold in to physical appearances. George is intelligent, but his friend Lennie is mentally challenged (Steinbeck, 1994). The mental condition of the latter forced him to depend solely on the former. While George often expressed rage about the burden of being Lennies companion, he proved to be a dedicated friend. He served as Lennies guardian. Unfortunately, Lennies disability caused him to be involved in great trouble. He was unable to discern his own strength, accidentally harming and killing others in the process.In the end, George continues to fulfill his role as Lennies protector he killed Lennie himself to spare him from death in the hands of Curley (Steinbeck, 1994). While the friendship between George and Lenny is the main focus of the story, the history of California plays a large and more significant role in the bracing. Of Mice and Men is likewise a story about California and the problems which plagued it during the 1930s. John Steinbeck wrote three books which delved into the mooring in California in 1930s Of Mice and Men is the second book in the trilogy. The other two novels were In Dubious Battle and The Grapes of Wrath.In On Mice and Men, the relationship between George and Lennie is set against the backdrop of 1930s California. Both men are migrant workers with a virtuoso dream they cute to own a piece of soil and farm it themselves. George said, Somedaywere gonna get the jack together and were gonna have a little house and a couple of acres an a cow and rough pigs (Steinbeck, 1994). This dream was influenced, if not completely defined, by the problems of the state at that particular time. In the Introduction of the On Mice and Men, Shillinglaw (1994) described Cali fornia in the 1930s.During the 1930s, the main problem in California was agricultural labor. Since the 1900s, most of the agriculturally abundant valleys were located in California. Produce such as broccoli, lettuce, sugar beets and strawberries were only some of those harvested in plenitude. The vast farms in California required some(prenominal) laborers for its harvest. Meanwhile, the Southwest region of America suffered from drought. Due to the drought, the once bountiful states became similar to deserts. As a result, laborers left what was known as the Dust Bowl to try their luck in California.Since 1935, an estimated 350,000 slew from Arkansas, Oklahoma and Texas stormed the deluxe State in hopes of finding jobs in the farms. While it was true that California had enormous agricultural fields which supplied most of the countrys produce, the employment of workers were still a problem. There were too many people to accommodate for jobs in these farms. Workers from the Dust Bow l wandered throughout the state in search of crops to farm, as they were desperate for work. By 1936, California was faced with a major problem the constant flow of poor and hungry migrants from the Southwest.The touch of wandering farm workers was illustrated in Of Mice and Men. The novel began with the arrival of George and Lennie in the Salinas River. George was upset that the hatful driver did not drop them off at the proper location. He said, Didnt wanta stop at the ranch gate, thats what (Steinbeck, 1994, p. 6). The two men exemplified the situation of all the other migrant workers in California during the 1930s. Agricultural laborers such as George and Lennie were horrendouscted from one ranch to another, in search for work.George asked Lennie, You remember about us goin into Murray and Readys, and they give us work cards and bus tickets? (Steinbeck, 1994, p. 7). Murray and Ready had provided both men with the cards and tickets, then sent them to the next ranch. match to the novel, the last ranch they worked for was called Weed. The plight of the itinerant laborers was best expressed by Georges words They come to a ranch an work up a stake and then they go inta town and blow their stake, and the first thing you know theyre poundin their tail on some other ranch (Steinbeck, 1994, p. 15).The novel also portrayed the difficult life of male migrant workers and their need for human company. It was said that majority of the migrant agricultural workers in California were single men. Since the 1870s until 1930, the fruit and wheat crops of the Golden State were harvested by single men. These men were modern day nomads, for they constantly moved from one ship to another. They carried bindles whenever they went. George confirmed the situation of male farm workers in California Guys resembling us, that work on ranches, are the loneliest guys in the world. They got no family. They dont belong no place (Steinbeck, 1994, p. 15).The solitude of the farm worker s resulted in the constant need for companionship. In the absence of wives and families, the male itinerant laborers develop friendships instead. The friendship between George and Lennie was the kind of relationship created collect to the circumstances of the migrant workers. Despite his complaints about having Lennie around, it was apparent that George was sound as dependent on Lennie as Lennie was dependent on him. Whenever Lennie threatened to leave, George told him that he wanted his friend to stay. Their bond was so strong that they did not consider themselves as similar to the aforementioned lonely guys.George said With us it aint like that. We got a future. We got somebody to talk to that gives a damn about us (Steinbeck, 1994, p. 15). The novel revealed how agricultural laborers were marginalized in California society. All of them were misplaced and lived on dire conditions. Despite the unfortunate circumstances which befell them, there are those who remained optimistic an d ambitious. However, even the ambitious laborers also fail. They would simply leave the ranch and proceed to another place. In the novel, George and Lennie went to the bunk house of the next ranch they were supposed to work for.When George asked Candy why the former occupant of his new bed quit, this was the response Hejust quit, the way a guy will. Says it was the food. Just wanted to move (Steinbeck, 1994, p. 20). George and Lennie were also ambitious. They have grown weary of working from one ranch to another, and working for people like Curley. They dreamt of having a piece of land they can personally attend to. The dream was revealed early on in the novel, and was continuously mentioned throughout the story. Candy overheard the two taking about their desire for their own (Steinbeck, 1994).He responded positively, and even offered his savings to both men so that he could also live on their land. Crooks also learned about the plan to buy land. During one night, Lennie spoke to C rooks about his plan to own land with George. Unlike Candy, Crooks had a different response to the plan. He discouraged Lennie by insinuating that his dream will never come true. Crooks said I seen hundreds of men come by on the road an on the ranches, with their bindles on their back an that same damn thing in their headsevery damn one of ems got a little piece of land in his head.An never a God damn one of em ever gets it (Steinbeck, 1994, p. 75). The character of Crooks was right in 1930s California, many workers did not achieve the supremacy they originally hoped to find there. By the end of the novel, George and Lennie proved to be unsuccessful as well. The dream of George and Lennie to obtain their own land did not come true. Lennie has a fondness for petting things which are soft it was this fondness which guaranteed his demise (Steinbeck, 1994). Lennie and George were forced to leave the ranch in Weed because Lennies petting had gotten them in trouble.In the ranch in Soleda d, Lennie accidentally killed a puppy because he was too strong. By accident, he pulled the hair of Curleys wife and also broke her neck, do her to die. When Curley and the rest of the men in the ranch found out that Lennie killed the wife, they form a mob and went to search for Lennie. Before they arrived at the ranch, George told Lennie to return to the Salinas River in part he got in trouble. George told his friend, Lennieif you jus happen to get in trouble like you always done before, I want you to come right here an obliterate in the brush (Steinbeck, 1994, p. 17).After he killed Curleys wife, Lennie proceed to the brush and George met him there. George began to speak of the land they would own together and the rabbits that Lennie would take care of. Afterwards, he ray of light Lennie on the back of his head (Steinbeck, 1994). The farm was a representation of every migrant workers dream to own a piece of land and be in control of their own lives. The farm served as a symbol of freedom and independence. For George, the death of his friend was also the end of their dream. Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck was truly a representation of California during the 1930s.Through the story of George, Lennie and the other characters, Steinbeck was able to illustrate the agricultural labor problem that existed in the Golden State during that decade. The novel revealed the displacement of workers, the harsh realities of living as a nomad in California, their isolation and need for companionship and the broken dreams that come with the journey. By rendering this novel, one is given a glimpse of California in the 1930s. Reference Steinbeck, J. (1994). Of Mice and Men. New York Penguin Classics.

Effects of gambling Essay Example for Free

Effects of gambling EssayMost people with gambling problems say they lost control over how very much time and money they spend gambling. Meanwhile, they ignored other responsibilities. For them, gambling is an activity that atomic number 18 important to them. Those who gamble excessively often bring problems for the one they bask. The personal effects of gambling can be classified into individuals, family and the society. Each of them had distinct aspect. With the problems that been brought by those gamblers, they brought many stretch outs to many peoples. They considered as an ignoble person. The effects that motivateed an individual be norm eachy harm themselves.Once a gambler lose in a gamble, they will become anxious and unhappy, and often hate themselves very much. on that pointfore, they will do something stupid alike borrow money from those loan sharks, accuse suicide and even involved in some criminal cases such as robbery, murder, etc. The urge of gamble is ha rd to resists be pee-pee of the reason they win continuosly. Once they won one time, they will continue to gamble to win more to reward their satisfaction. If once they lose, they will not give up easily due to they cannot accept the fact they had lose and scared to be a loser.Therefore, they will neer give up any chance to gamble if there are proficient an uncertain chance to win. Some people still believe their schema will pay off, their luck will change or they are due to win. Some people promised to quit gamble, just they cannot, but they afraid their love one will find them out. This drives them into fear and further into debt. In addition to, a gambler will also harm themselves because of gambling. All the gamblers face different problems, mainly like divorce, debt collection by those loan sharks, suffer from illness, many hassles in different aspects. Other than individuals, there are effects that affected family. looseness problems hurt families in many ways, such as mo ney problems. Money problems defined as family members that knew that savings, property or belongings have been lost, it can crystalize them feel angry, betrayed and anxious. Through this problem, it caused family breakdown and caused the children to be in a single parent family. By the way, gamble will cause emotional problems and isolation. Gambling problems cause strong feelings among family members, which make it harder to solve problems. The partners of those gambler that is with problems do not want to get close with them because they the gambler hurt them.Due to this problem, it caused divorce and break up. In other hand, family members will avoid from other people because they felt ashamed of their family member that gamble excessively and they had been backstabbed by many people. Physical and mental health is another effect. The stress of gambling problems sometimes causes health problems. A person that gamble excessively will had health problems, same to their family mem bers. This included anxiety, depression and stress-related problems like insomnia, ulcer, headaches and many illness that will strongly impact their health.Burnout also is one of the effect that affected a personal. Many families under stress have trouble coping. They often cope cause of money and the family member dislike the gambler. The gambler keep on taking more tasks will lead to burnout too. Once the forge that the gambler planned had fail, this will lead to causing problems. Family members often forget to take care themselves or to have fun. Gambling will bring gravid impacts on children. A family that with a gambler parent that with gamble problem will always let the children feel forgotten, depressed and anxious.The parent gamble all the time, therefore they will not put more attention on their children but on gamble. Some children may stop trusting their parents due to the unfaithfulness, but some children may draw attention away from the parent with gambling problem by misbehaving. Nowadays, the society also been affected by the problems of gambling. The unsteady of sparing is one of the reason. Due to the bankruptcy of a personal will affected the economical growth. In addition, during the time of economic success, casinos tend to take labour come forth away from neighbouring business.Casinos offer higher wages, hence many employees from other business such as restaurant, saloon will leave the neighbouring business and work for casinos. Customers that are normally went to the restaurant now instead go to the casino for foods. This demonstrates how not all growth by a casino can be attributed as economic growth, sometimes casinos merely transfer growth from other businesses into their own. It would never dawn on them that the casino itself would never pay out more than it brings in. There would not be many people are lucky enough to win big, maybe just one in a million. The others are just donating money to their cause.On the extreme side, peo ple have committed suicide because their lives have totally been turned upside down due to the addiction. Due to commit suicide, the society might lose some genius, talents to develop the country. In addition, gambling will cause our country to be in a extinct agency because of gambling, therefore will affected family problems. Due to bankruptcy, it caused many people to face unemployment and because of this, it will affect the growth of economic. Once the gamblers put all their efforts into gambling, it will affect their working efficiency. When they had addicted to gambling, they will not have the effort to work.It will greatly affect the firm businesses, therefore the head of the firm will bear away the post of the gambler and asked the worker to resign by themselves. Because of this, it caused many unemployment in the country. There are few ways that building a casino could pass in no increased benefits for the region. Examples like, local residents who used to go to restaura nts now spend their money in the casino. Then the casino has no net economic benefit. Other than this, tourists who used to spend money on other activities within the region now go to a gambling facility within the region.In addition, to have many casinos in our country, it will greatly affected neighbouring business. Locally-owned businesses go bankrupt because consumers have changed their expenditures to casinos that happen to be owned by out-of-state interests. A casino buy more products from out of state than the businesses they replace, therefore it had brought great impact to the local business. Besides that, Casinos result in increased social costs including law and other public services as well as the costs of pathological and problem gamblers. These issues will be addressed shortly. This will affect the tourism in a same time.

Pitts Repressive Policy Essay Example for Free

Pitts Repressive Policy EssayThe growing threat of transformation by English cornerstones being influenced by Irish rebels and the French Revolution was the main thing William Pitt the younger was faced with during his time as Prime Minister. To train with this, he reinforced a repressive policy of tough legislation strengthened through propaganda.It was non only these actions interpreted that managed to quell the variationaries from revolting. Other than the actions interpreted by Pitt, there was discordance between the fundaments,also the loyalist response sparked by the war in France these are only a few reasons amongst many. It was the contribution of factors that chastened the movement, not just a singular factor.The chance of revolution was reduced by the repressive policies put in place by Pitt as it subdued the radicals, as he adopted and introduced laws to extinguish the growth and spread of radical ideas. Habeas corpus (a legal action, through which a prisoner c an be released from unlawful detention)was hang up by Pitt, allowing people to be imprisoned without trial for as long as it is wished. The suspension of Habeas corpus gave Pitt the right to have suspected radicals imprisoned to prevent them spreading their ideas or taking action. Another law that came into action during Pitts time in office was the 1793 Aliens Act, which prevented foreigners from entering the United Kingdom without permission, this was a precaution taken to stop the influx of French revolutionaries entering the country bringing with them radical ideas. The 1795 Public Meetings Act do meetings of more than 50 people illegal, this was a mensuration also to prevent radicals meeting and spreading their ideas. All these measures were introduced to dampen the spread and popularity of the radical movement, these policies however were not the only ones that help do this.Pitt went to war with France in 1793, this caused a widespread loyalist reaction amongst the British . The war helped to influence many to have negative anti french views, this hatred of the French Revolution created a anti-revolutionary movement in England. This response to the war helped Pitt, as he was trying to prevent revolution from happening in Britain. There was a loyalist bacchanalia in 1794 in Manchester where chants about church and kings were to be heard, subsequently Church and King clubs formed. The loyalists advertised their cause through pamphlets that fighted the king. Suppport for the king spread, the government were exceedingly happy with the outcome, they even allowed and encourages a loyalist militia to form and by 1800 there were 100,000 members. This show of support for the king that followed the war with France was a strong obstructor against the radicals.Problems within the radicals caused a divide in their goals and the path they thought was necessary to take to reach them. This could be seen when looking at some of the radical groups. Disunity in caus e could be seen by looking at two figures that were part of the radical movement Tom Paine focused solely on mens rights, whilst Mary Wollstonecraft focused on rights for women. The London Corresponding Society believed in achieving their goals peacefully, however the Society for Constitutional Informations leader (John Jebb) believed that public uplift was the most effective way of reaching their goals. This lack of unity of cause and ways of achieving their aims considerably weakened the radical movement.Another factor that weakened the radical movement was the lack of genuine support for them. Food shortages started to become less frequent, the shortages were a source of anger for many of the people, and was a reason to join the radical movement, many stopped attending meetings. This change of support for the radical shows that people were not completely behind helping them change things, but just stuck with them to spoil issues that affected them sorted. The radical movement n eeded the full support of the majority of the population (lower classes) to be strong enough to succeed, once the lower classes were able to eat, support for the radicals decreased.Division was not only felt amongst the radicals, there were divisions in the Whig party over the French Revolution. This effectively lead to two camps within the party the initiatory led by Edmund Burke, the second led by Charles Fox, who supported the French Revolution. Burke had a more conservative view as he believed that revolution would lead to an unstable government, and believed that there should be evolution not revolution. The emergence of anti-revolution support from within the Whig party (Burke), strengthened Pitts. This open support from the Whig party made people more likely to support Pitt than the radicals.For Pitts repressive policies to have been the main reason for his success would have to mean that without them the radical challenge couldnt of been resisted. I believe that this statem ent is false. The radical movement couldnt of caused major change to have happened as they were not united or popular enough to do so. The support that the French revolution brought about from within government helped many to not believe or want to join the radicals, it was also the loyalist reaction proceeding Britain waging war on France acted as a strong opposition to the revolutionaries and gained support. Pitts repressive policies was a factor , but not the most central one. I believe that it was a combination of all the factors that helped Pitt resist the radical challenge to 1801.

Cash Flow and Profitability of Dividend Payout

Cash F rugged and Profit world power of Dividend Pay discloseCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONOverviewThe issue of dividend has been analyse comprehensively in last few decades. S coin bank it re principal(prenominal)ed as whizz of the ab forbidden debatable issue in the field of Finance. The contradictory nature and spacious importance 0f dividend in finance had do it one of the most discussable buy the farmics for exploreers. look intoers in the past enclosed many a(prenominal) aspects of dividend few among them are views about dividend, dividend yieldment effectuate on self-coloured comfort, dynamics and antigenic determinatives of dividend policy, and dividend movement of different securities industrys.Lintner (1956) deal the allotment of income of corpo proportionalityns among dividends, contain earnings and taxes by taking info from the forms 1918 to 1941 as a training period and information from the long time 1942 to 1951 as the testing period. Research conclude th at the grassroots origin of dividend transforms werenet earning and preceding year dividends. In addition, unattackables attempt to continue a constant quantity stream of dividend and influence to make a regularly partial appointment to a target stipendout proportionality relatively hysterically changing their gestateout when a switch in income occurs. In the short run, dividends are consistent to rescind keep going changes. This dispute is rooted back to the earthshaking effort of Miller and Modigliani (1961), in which it was challenged in a perfect commercialise check out dividend policy did non excise the value of firm. In contrast, Lintner (1962) and Gordon (1963) based Bird-in- book? theory and argued that in the world of ambiguity and corrupted learning, proud dividend payment is linked with spunky firm value. In addition, blackamoor (1976) called dividend as great puzzle which need extensive exploreed. Further more, the Brealey and Myers (2005) listed dividend as one of the top ten solidvague topic in advance embodied finance. fit in to indigotin and Sujjata(2008) emerging consensus was that no individual f souror alone dejection describe dividend behavior.The actual corporate theories supported that immediate payment time period and hitability draw significant partake on dividend. The aim of this work was to know the concussion of capital menstruum and internetability on dividend payout of non financial firms in Pakistan market. This subject area considered salve capital devolve and favourableness was most beta for non financial firm in Pakistan market. Talat and Mirza(2010) conducted interrogation related to ownership structure and capital give as predictor of dividend payout policy. According to that personal ownership, exchange shine delicacy, size, and leverage were negatively associated with dividend payout policy. In contrast, demonstrableness and operating currency flow was plant as determinan ts of bullion dividend. In addition, Researcher conclude that executive ownership, personal ownership, operating specie flow, and size were important determinants of dividend while, leverage and money flow delicacy did not contribute easily in determining the level of corporate dividend payment. DeAngelo and DeAngelo (1990) found significant notification amongst silver flow and dividend changes.Problem StatementIn the field of corporate finance, the dividend was considered as one of the most noteworthy issues. The main purpose to show the rival of silver flow and profitability on dividend payout of non financial firm in Pakistani market was to analyze the interchange dividend behavior of developing countries firm. In addition, instruct was conducted to find out how strongly these dickens versatiles drop notes flow and profitability have force on the dividend payout because, profitability was most likely use as determinants of dividend payout in most of the previous researches but complete cash flow was not taken too much in previous research. Furthermore, how these two variables serve as an indicator for dividend payout. shotThis research composition has well- move the following possibleness to fulfill the objective of the research.H1 on that point is significant electrical shock of free cash flow on dividend payout.H2 There is significant impact of homecoming on assets on dividend payout.H3 There is significant impact of return on candor on dividend payout.H4 There is significant impact of earning per tract on dividend payout.H5 There is significant impact of net profit margin on dividend payout.Outline of the engageThe research structured follows. Chapter one was consist on the introduction of the thesis, it is ingrained to review the views and theoretical background of dividend, the statement o problem, scope and objective, hypothesis. Chapter two consisted of writings review given by various authors, theories on dividend and impact of cash flow and profitability on dividend payout. Chapter tether explained methodo lumbery, it consisted of explanation of the selection of the variables, the sampling and research design, the data technique and hypothesis. Chapter four re empowers the analysis of go aways later processing the data. Chapter louvre composed of final result, conclusion and recommendation. Chapter six consisted of references.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEWSince 1956, dividend has perpetually considered one of the most interested and intrustigated topic in world of finance.Lintner (1956) try on the allocation of earning of corporation among dividends, retained earnings, and taxes by taken data into consideration for years 1918 to 1941. It was found the basic determinants of dividend change are net earning and preceding year dividends. In addition, firms tried to continue a stable flow of dividend and likely made a regularly limited adjustment to a target payout ratio instead radically chang ing payout when earning changed.Jensen and Meckling (1976) paid attention toward delegation woo hypothesis and described that dividend restricted the bullion under care control, as a result putting them under strict capital market examination. Owner state was reduced to deal with the tonicity of coronation and to handle the expenditure on manager prerequisites.Marke, Langrehr, and Hexter(1998) conducted research on dividend policy determinants. Researchers had taken focus of firm, natural log of sales of firm, inside ownership for firm, no of common shareowner for firm, free cash flow for firm, sales growth of firm, and standard deviation of returns o f firm as determinants of dividend policy. Authors concluded that corporate focus has negative impact on dividend payout. While inside ownership had in like manner negative impact, according to police detective the firms have greater inside ownership have small dividend payout. In addition, the firms with higher free cash f low have higher dividend payout and lower payout ratio of firms with higher standard deviation of returns.William and Nanda (1994) conducted research on free cash flow, shareholder value, and the unallocated profits after(prenominal) tax of 1936 and 1937. In this study researcher tried to explore the investor reaction toward the anticipated flow in free cash flow extraditeed to corporate managers. In addition, researchers suggested agency personifys as partial determinants of dividend policy. To avoid the agency problem corporate have to pay higher dividend and oblige higher tax on undistributed profit so the problem of agency cost handled efficiently.The study conducted on determinants of dividend payout ratio in GhannabyAmidu and Abor (2006). In this study 20 listed firms of Ghana Stock interchange were utilize as a standard which shows 76% of the total listed firm in Ghana Stock convert. Researchers have taken the Payout Ratio as controlled variable and explanatory vari ables includes risk, profitability, cash flow, corporate tax, institutional holding, sales growth, and market to book value. It was foundthat more profitable firms paid more dividends and profitability is cocksurely related to dividend payout. In addition, cash flow and taxes are also dogmaticly related to dividend payout. Further, they also concluded at that place is a confident(p) relationship among increase in liquidity and dividend payout. Results suggested negative relationship of dividend payout with growth, market to book value, risk, and institutional holding. The firms with the earning instability found hard to pay low and no dividends.Al-Malkawi (2007) worked on determinants of corporate dividend payout policy in Jordan. Researcher used a firm level panel data of all publicly traded firms on the Amman Stock Exchange for the year 1989-2000. Researcher used dividend payout as a depended variable and agency cost, self-will, annual share turnover, market to book ratio, m arket capitalization of common blondness, financial leverage ratio, profitability ratio, and taxes as supreme variables. By using Tobit specification researcher concluded that positive relationship surrounded by size, age, and profitability with dividend payout and negative relationship between polarity device, ownership, and taxes in Jordan.Fairchild (2010) worked on Dividend policy, sign and free cash flow an integrated approach. Researcher has tried to examine the dividend policy by taking scarcely two hypothesis signaling and free cash flow. In order to understand the composite environment of dividend policy, signaling game is developed in which most of the information possesses by managers than investors about the quality of the firms. The signaling hypothesis shows that asymmetric information between managers and investor, dividend work as signal regarding current performance and future prospect. The study found that high dividend has positive effect on the firm performa nce, in term of providing a positive signal for current performance and as will as future scenario. In addition, dividend payout reduces the free cash flow problem, which may attract the manager to invest in negative NPV project for personal interest. But if the project shows positive NPV so investment opportunities are ready(prenominal) which lead toward the higher dividend in future.Gill, Nahum, and Rajendra (2010) worked on determinants of dividend payout ratio in United States. In this study researcher extend the Amidu and Joshua, and indigotin and Kapoor finding for the American service and manufacturing firms. Researcher took same variables into account much(prenominal) as profitability, tax, market to book value, cash flow, and sale growth. The example size was 266 out of 500 financial reports. According to the researcher dividend payout ratio of manufacturing firms is the function of profit margin, tax, and market to book value ratio. It was also found that result differ when the dividend payout ratio was defined as the ratio between after tax cash flow and cash dividend, not considering after tax earning of the companies.Reddy (2006), examine the dividend behavior of Indian companies, movement, and determinants and struggled to decide the behavior of the companies listed at Bombay Stock Exchange with theassist of trade by theory and signaling theory hypothesis. According to researcher analysis of dividend trend represent that transmit traded on peeled York Stock Exchange and Bombay Stock Exchange indicated that percentage of companies paying dividend has declined from 60.5% in 1990 to 32.1% in 2001 and there is only few companies paying dividend constantly. Beside that firms paying dividend are more profitable, large in size, and having enough growth. Indian context did not represent corporate tax and ax preference theory. last the dividend change indicated signal to current and lagged earning performance rather than future earning perform ance.Baker, Farrelly and Edelman (1986) studied New York Stock Exchange 318 firms. According to the researchers main determinants of dividend payments were expected future earning and express of past dividend. Gitman and Pruitt (1991) asked snow0 largest US firms financial managers and concluded present and reason year earning were significant determinants effect dividend payment. According to Baker and Powell (2000) survey companies listed on New York Stock Exchange were industry explicit and predicted level of future income was the main factor of dividend payoutAnil and Kapoor (2008) studies Indian information technology firmament for determinants of dividend payout ratio. The phase for study 2000-2006 encompass both recessionary and booming phase of Indian information technology sector. Researcher concluded that beta and liquidity was discover a noteworthy determinant of dividend payout ratio. In addition, authors concluded that due to recession from 2003 onwards IT sector o bserved exponential growth, and it was anticipated linear growth in IT sector after 2006.Recently in Pakistani perspective, Ahmed and Attiya (2009) investigated sample of 320 non-financial firms listed on Karachi Stock Exchange from 2001 to2006.Researchers concluded Pakistani companies dependent more on current earning than past dividend. In addition, authors highlighted few predictors that may affect payout policies. Firstly, the finding demonstrated companies containing high profit with consistent earning can manage larger amount of free cash flow as a result to payout larger dividend. The firms having larger investment expectation can easily affect and have a significant role in determinants of dividend payout policy in Pakistan. The companies paid more dividends to shareholders where inside ownership exist. Ownership structure has considered major factor in determining dividend policy in Pakistan. Beside that dividend payout was not touched pay growth of the firms and market l iquidity has a significant impact on dividend payout. Furthermore, size was significant determinants for dividend payout that promoter companies invest in assets relatively paying dividends to its stockholders.2.1 Dividend irrelevance theoryMiller and Modigliani (1961) proposed that dividend policy is irrelevant to the shareholder and stockholder wealth was constant in the world of perfect market condition and any growth in the current payout is financed by literally damaged stock sales. The basic assumption was that management paid 100 percent payout in each period. Other assumptions were as follow.First, market is perfect capital market that authority there were no taxes on transaction cost, single buyer and seller not influenced price and everyone have free access to information.Second, investors are rational and value of securities was based on the discounted future cash flow to investor.Third, manager act as a agent of shareholders, and there was no uncertainty about the in vestment policy of the firm.2.2 Bird-in-hand theoryAl-Malkawi (2007) emphasized that dividend valued differently from retained earnings (capital gains) in world of ambiguity and irregularity information. A bird in hand (dividend) is valued more than two in the bush (capital gain)?. Investors always like dividends to retained earnings due to uncertainty of future cash flow. Although, this controversy has been extensively condemned and has not get strong empirical base, but, it was supported by Gordon and Shapiro (1956), Lintner (1962), and Walter (1963). The basic assumptions were as followedFirstly, investors have inadequate information regarding the profitability of a firm.Secondly, cash dividend was taxed at a higher rate when capital gain was realized on the sale of share.Thirdly, dividend serves as a signal of expected cash flow.2.3 Agency cost and free cash flow theoryRoss (2008) define agency cost is the cost of the conflict of interest that exists among shareholders and mana gement. It was happened when management act for own interest rather than shareholders interest who own the firm. This could be direct and indirect. It was in contrast to assumption of Millar and Modigliani (1961) that mangers act as an agent of shareholders. This is somewhat dubious, as the owners of the firm are different from the management. Managers are bound to carry out some activities, which could be costly to shareholders, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as undertaking unprofitable investments that would yield excessive returns to them, and unnecessarily high management compensation (Al-Malkawi, 2007). These costs are borne by shareholders therefore, shareholders of firms with excess free cash flow would require high dividend payments instead. Agency cost may also arise between shareholders and bondholders while shareholders require more dividends, bondholders require fewer dividends than shareholders by putting in place a debt covenant to ensure availability of cash for their debt repayment. Easterbrook (1984) also identified two agency costs the cost of monitor managers and the cost of risk reluctance on the part of managers. Jensens free cash flow/overinvestment hypothesis (1988) provides a surrogate description for the positive association between the direction of the dividend change and the stock price reaction. Jensen argues that managers tend to hold cash to invest in negative NPV projects for their own utility maximization. The agency costs that result from this overinvestment decrease the value of the firm. Like the signaling hypothesis, the FCF argument suggests there should be a positive relationship is the direction of the dividend policy change and the stock price reaction. However, the FCF argument differentiates itself with respect to the level of growth opportunities faced by the firm. If a firm initiated a cash dividend, FCF arguments postulate there are fewer funds available for costly overinvestment. Likewise, if federation didnt pay d ividend, the strongest form of a decrease would reduce the value of the firm because there are more funds available to invest in less present value projects. The FCF hypothesis assumes larger stock price unpredictability for the firms who have few growth opportunities as compared to the firms with many growth opportunities.There is disagreement between different researchers on dividend policy. Allen and Rachim (1996) in Australia found no significant association between stock price volatility and divided policy. According to Gordon (1963) the stock price volatility is influenced by dividend payout. The firms who pay large dividend have minimum risks in terms of stock price value. around of hypothetical mechanism also suggests the universal relationship of dividend yield and dividend payout ratio with stock price volatility.Jensens and Meckling (1976) developed Agency cost argument which proposed that dividend payout lower the cost of funds and increase the cash flows for the compa ny. The company after paying cash dividends to stock holders would have less cash in hands of the managers to invest at below the cost of capital.According to Asquith and Mullin (1983), Born, Moser, and Officer (1984) and Miller and Rock (1985) dividend announcement provide information to the share holders to forecast the financial position of the company and the present firms earnings. This also depends on the source of information that either it is doubtful or not to respond on announcement of dividend. Hence, there remains disagreement till yet, the relation of dividend yield and stock price volatility and it is still undetermined and is considered as debatable in corporateCHAPTER 3RESEARCH METHODS3.1 Method of entropy CollectionRequired data was collected from Karachi Stock Exchange as given by State Bank of Pakistan in publication of Balance winding-sheet Analysis of Joint Stock Companies Listed on the KSE (2005-2009). The period of study covered five years, 2005-09. The sa mple size of 100 non-financial firms was taken from all non financial firm listed at KSE. The required sample was chosen on the basis of cash dividend paid by firms at- least(prenominal) for two years. The sample represents major industry.3.2 try out SizeSample of 100 non-financial firms was collected from KSE. Sample consisted of firms which paid cash dividend for at least two years. Firms that was selected for study represented all major industries functioning in Pakistan and listed at KSE from 2005-2009. The impact of the cash flow and profitability on dividend payout was examined on selected sample of 100 non-financial firms.3.3 Research Model DevelopedThere were various financial factors of the non-financial firms which affected the Dividend payout of the firms. This research study investigated the impact of free cash flow and profitability on the dividend payout.3.3.1 Dividend payoutDividend payout and dividend amount are taken as the dependent variables. Since dividend payou t is the generally used alternative for dividend policy, almost every financial researcher has used payout as a proxy for corporate dividend policy (See for example Gugler, 2003 Reddy and Rath, 2005 Papadopoulos, 2007 Al-Malkawi, 2007 Ahmed Attiya, 2009). In order to solve dividend payout was calculated as cash dividend per share divided by earning per share.3.3.2 Earning per shareAccording to Hafeez and Attiya (2009) high profitability with constant earnings can manage to pay for larger free cash flows as a result to pay out larger dividends. The earnings per share after tax were used as independent variable. Earning per share after tax was used because dividend has been paid after interest, taxes and after depreciation and calculated as net earnings divided by number of shares.H1 There is significant impact of earning per share on dividend payout3.3.3 repay on EquityThis variable is used in different previous studies such as Abor (2005), Miller (2007), Al-Ajmi et al. (2009), an d Ebaid (2009) etc. Some authors heedful profitability or performance by three measurements such Gross profit margin (GPM), damages on Equity (ROE), and go by on Assets (ROA) and same predictors Ebaid (2009). Likely results with this variable are same as revealed by Abor (2005) and Ebaid (2009) such as Significance and positive relationship with dividend payout. Return on Equity is considered best measure of firm profitability. Return on Equity (ROE) is one measure of how efficiently a company uses its assets to produce earnings. ROE was calculated by dividing Net Income minus preferable dividend by Share holder equityH2 There is significant impact of Return on Equity on dividend payout.3.3.4 sluttish Cash flowAccording to Jensens (1986) free cash flow hypothesis, companies choose to use their cash resources to invest in profitable projects first dividend is paid out of residual. From a companys point of view, cash generated from operations plays an important role in deciding t he level of payout, among all three sources of cash flows i.e. operating investing and financing, cash generated from operations is considered as most desirable source of funds for the company for distribution of dividends. Anil and Sujjata (2008) also found cash flow from operations as the most significant determinant of dividend policy in Indian IT industry. Ameasure of financial performance calculated as Net income minus depreciation minus change in working capital minus change in capital expenditure. Free cash flow (FCF) represents the cash that a company is able to generate afterplacing out the money required to maintain or expand its asset base.Freecash flow is important because itallows a company topursue opportunities that put forward shareholder value.H3 There is a significant impact of free cash flow on dividend payout.The model developed was a linear model and its specifications are provided belowDiv payout = a0 a1EPS + a2ROE + a3FCF + Dividend payout = Dividend per sha re divided by earning per shareEPS = Net income divided by number of share outstandingROE =Net income minus preferred dividend divided by common shareholder equityFCF =Net income minus derogation minus change in working capital minus change in Capital expenditure = error term3.4 Statistical Technique manifold Linear Regression Analysis (MLR) technique was used for this research study to examine the impact of the distinctive financial characteristics of the non-financial firms on their dividend payout of the selected firms Statistical Package for the complaisant Sciences (SPSS) was used for the examination of the secondary data.CHAPTER 4RESULTThe sample of 100 non-financial firms from Karachi Stock Exchange was taken into consideration. This research study used multiple statistical throwback analysis (MLR). Researcher examined the behavior of non-financial firms of KSE about dividend payout. The selected technique was used to study the impact of cash flow and profitability on div idend payout.4.1 Finding and Interpretation of the resultsIn the beginning, the regression technique was applied on collected data by using SPSS, and there was no single variable was significant. It was clear from the result that there was the high co-linearity among the independent variables of the dividend payout and this means there was strong interrelationship present among the predictors. Return on assets and net profit margin was omitted from the data, thus, the issue of co-linearity was resolved.Now, proceeding with the analysis of the results because issue of co-linearity was addressed. The interpretation and analysis is presented in the next sections of this research study. panel 4.1 Model SummaryModRR Sq.Adj. R Sq.1.289.084.078Tables 4.1 interpret the summary about the regression model. The R square of 8.4% showed that all the predictors of dividend payout unneurotic explained 8.4% variation in the dependent variable and the remaining variation was unexplained or hidden predictor were not included in the model.TABLE 4.2analysis of varianceModelSum of SquaresdfMean SquareFSig.1Regression31503.936310501.31215.236.000aResidual345316.428501689.254Total376820.364504The table 4.2 checked the significance of the linear regression model in such a way that the reliability of the data archive regarding the applicability of the regression technique can be understood from the supra table however, ANOVA table was reliable test of checking the linear regression models ability to explain any variation in the dependent variable of liquidity. This was short obvious from the sig value of .000 that meant that the linear regression model was highly significant for the data collected for the research study conducted. In addition, ANOVA explained that all means are not equal.In table4.3 the final model of regression included only three independent variable that were free cash flow, earning per share, and return on equity These variables were included in the model due to highly significantly describing the relation with dependent variable dividend payout. Returns on equity and free cash flow have positive impact on dividend, while earning per share has negative impact on dividend payout.4.2 Hypothesis Assessment SummaryThe hypothesis of research was preposterous financial factors had significant impact on the non-financial firms dividend payout decision. These financial characteristics were cash flow taken as free cash flow of firms and profitability taken as earning per share and return on Equity of firms. This research tasted individual financial characteristics and concluded the result as follow.TABLE 4.4 Hypothesis Assessment SummaryS.No.HypothesisSIG.RESULTH1There is significant impact of free cash flow on dividend payout..001.005 currentH2There is significant impact of Return on equity on dividend payout..216000AcceptedH3There is significant impact of Earning per Share on dividend payout.-.123.016AcceptedH4There is significant impact of Re turn on Assets on dividend payout..340.170 jiltedH5There is significant impact of Net profit margin on dividend payout.-.034.530 spurnedCHAPTER 5DISCUSSIONS, IMLICATION, FUTURERESEARCH AND CONCLUSION5.1ConclusionIt was concluded with support of results of this research study return on equity, earning per share, and free cash flow were significant independent variables in Pakistani market. These result were matching with the study under taken by Hafeez and Attiya (2009) in Pakistani context, Researchers concluded firms with high profitability and with stable earning can afford larger free cash flow therefore pay out larger dividends to its shareholder. In addition, Talat and Hammad (2010) examined the ownership structure and cash flow as determinants of dividend policy. Researchers concluded that companies in which high proportion of share were occupied by managers and individual were more reluctant of pay high dividends. In contrast, companies in which managerial and individual owne rship is low paid less dividends. It was also concluded that companies having high operating cash flow increase companies potential to pay high dividend and it was considered cash flow sensitivity reduce the companies payout but still it was not determined as potential determinants of corporate payout in Pakistan.5.2 DiscussionsProfitability and free cash flow could lay significant impact on dividend payout in Pakistani context. Hafeez and Attiya(2009) was also considered profitability as significant determinant of dividend payout, But study conducted by Talat and Hammad (2010) concluded operating cash flow cannot consider significant determinant of dividend payout in Pakistani market.This research considered that free cash flow and profitability measured through earning per share and returns on equity have significant impact on dividend payout of the companies.5.3 Implication and RecommendationsThis research was encompasses non-financial companies listed on Karachi Stock Exchange P akistan. The required data collected from 100 non-financial firms listed at KES for the period of 2005 t0 2009. Only firms were included in samples which were paid cash dividend for atleast two years. It is recommended that such type of study should be carried out in other countries of Asia. Further, it also recommended that other determinants except one analyze in this study should be researched in more extensive manner so the dividend payout policy and its dynamics became clearer.5.4 Future ResearchThis research addressed the problems of investor, management and other researcher conductor in examining and observing the behavior of firm regarding their payout decisions. Research students who want to work further on dividend payout could be benefited by this study. In addition, all non financial firms will get benefit from this study because this research study taken all major sectors into the consideration and study clarified the impact of free cash flow and profitability on divide nd payout.Cash Flow and Profitability of Dividend PayoutCash Flow and Profitability of Dividend PayoutCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONOverviewThe issue of dividend has been studied comprehensively in last few decades. Still it remained as one of the most debatable issue in the field of Finance. The contradictory nature and massive importance 0f dividend in finance had made it one of the most discussable topics for researchers. Researchers in the past enclosed many aspects of dividend few among them are views about dividend, dividend payment effects on firm value, dynamics and determinants of dividend policy, and dividend movement of different markets.Lintner (1956) study the allocation of income of corporations among dividends, retained earnings and taxes by taking data from the years 1918 to 1941 as a training period and data from the years 1942 to 1951 as the testing period. Researchconcluded that the basic origin of dividend changes werenet earning and preceding year dividends. In addition, firms attempt to continue a constant stream of dividend and influence to make a regularly partial adjustment to a target payout ratio relatively hysterically changing their payout when a change in income occurs. In the short run, dividends are consistent to avoid frequent changes. This dispute is rooted back to the significant effort of Miller and Modigliani (1961), in which it was challenged in a perfect market condition dividend policy did not affect the value of firm. In contrast, Lintner (1962) and Gordon (1963) based Bird-in-hand? theory and argued that in the world of ambiguity and imperfect information, high dividend payment is linked with high firm value. In addition, Black (1976) called dividend as great puzzle which need extensive researched. Furthermore, the Brealey and Myers (2005) listed dividend as one of the top ten significantvague topic in advance corporate finance. According to Anil and Sujjata(2008) emerging consensus was that no individual factor alone can descr ibe dividend behavior.The existing corporate theories supported that cash flow and profitability have significant impact on dividend. The aim of this study was to know the impact of cash flow and profitability on dividend payout of non financial firms in Pakistan market. This study considered free cash flow and profitability was most important for non financial firm in Pakistan market. Talat and Mirza(2010) conducted research related to ownership structure and cash flow as predictor of dividend payout policy. According to that personal ownership, cash flow delicacy, size, and leverage were negatively associated with dividend payout policy. In contrast, profitability and operating cash flow was found as determinants of cash dividend. In addition, Researcher concluded that executive ownership, personal ownership, operating cash flow, and size were important determinants of dividend while, leverage and cash flow delicacy did not contribute considerably in determining the level of corpo rate dividend payment. DeAngelo and DeAngelo (1990) found significant relation between cash flow and dividend changes.Problem StatementIn the field of corporate finance, the dividend was considered as one of the most noteworthy issues. The main purpose to study the impact of cash flow and profitability on dividend payout of non financial firm in Pakistani market was to analyze the cash dividend behavior of developing countries firm. In addition, study was conducted to find out how strongly these two variables free cash flow and profitability have impact on the dividend payout because, profitability was most likely used as determinants of dividend payout in most of the previous researches but free cash flow was not taken too much in previous research. Furthermore, how these two variables serve as an indicator for dividend payout.HypothesisThis research study has tested the following hypothesis to fulfill the objective of the research.H1 There is significant impact of free cash flow o n dividend payout.H2 There is significant impact of return on assets on dividend payout.H3 There is significant impact of return on equity on dividend payout.H4 There is significant impact of earning per share on dividend payout.H5 There is significant impact of net profit margin on dividend payout.Outline of the StudyThe research structured follows. Chapter one was consist on the introduction of the thesis, it is essential to review the views and theoretical background of dividend, the statement o problem, scope and objective, hypothesis. Chapter two consisted of literature review given by various authors, theories on dividend and impact of cash flow and profitability on dividend payout. Chapter three explained methodology, it consisted of explanation of the selection of the variables, the sampling and research design, the data technique and hypothesis. Chapter four represents the analysis of results after processing the data. Chapter five composed of final result, conclusion and r ecommendation. Chapter six consisted of references.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEWSince 1956, dividend has always considered one of the most interested and investigated topic in world of finance.Lintner (1956) analyzed the allocation of earning of corporation among dividends, retained earnings, and taxes by taken data into consideration for years 1918 to 1941. It was found the basic determinants of dividend change are net earning and preceding year dividends. In addition, firms tried to continue a stable flow of dividend and likely made a regularly limited adjustment to a target payout ratio instead radically changing payout when earning changed.Jensen and Meckling (1976) paid attention toward agency cost hypothesis and described that dividend restricted the funds under management control, as a result putting them under strict capital market examination. Owner responsibility was reduced to deal with the quality of investment and to handle the expenditure on manager prerequisites.Marke, L angrehr, and Hexter(1998) conducted research on dividend policy determinants. Researchers had taken focus of firm, natural log of sales of firm, inside ownership for firm, no of common shareholder for firm, free cash flow for firm, sales growth of firm, and standard deviation of returns o f firm as determinants of dividend policy. Authors concluded that corporate focus has negative impact on dividend payout. While inside ownership had also negative impact, according to researcher the firms have greater inside ownership have small dividend payout. In addition, the firms with higher free cash flow have higher dividend payout and lower payout ratio of firms with higher standard deviation of returns.William and Nanda (1994) conducted research on free cash flow, shareholder value, and the unallocated profits after tax of 1936 and 1937. In this study researcher tried to explore the investor reaction toward the anticipated decrease in free cash flow presented to corporate managers. In addi tion, researchers suggested agency costs as partial determinants of dividend policy. To avoid the agency problem corporate have to pay higher dividend and imposed higher tax on undistributed profit so the problem of agency cost handled efficiently.The study conducted on determinants of dividend payout ratio in GhannabyAmidu and Abor (2006). In this study 20 listed firms of Ghana Stock Exchange were used as a sample which shows 76% of the total listed firm in Ghana Stock Exchange. Researchers have taken the Payout Ratio as controlled variable and explanatory variables includes risk, profitability, cash flow, corporate tax, institutional holding, sales growth, and market to book value. It was foundthat more profitable firms paid more dividends and profitability is positively related to dividend payout. In addition, cash flow and taxes are also positively related to dividend payout. Further, they also concluded there is a positive relationship between increase in liquidity and dividend payout. Results suggested negative relationship of dividend payout with growth, market to book value, risk, and institutional holding. The firms with the earning instability found hard to pay low and no dividends.Al-Malkawi (2007) worked on determinants of corporate dividend payout policy in Jordan. Researcher used a firm level panel data of all publicly traded firms on the Amman Stock Exchange for the year 1989-2000. Researcher used dividend payout as a depended variable and agency cost, Ownership, annual share turnover, market to book ratio, market capitalization of common equity, financial leverage ratio, profitability ratio, and taxes as independent variables. By using Tobit specification researcher concluded that positive relationship between size, age, and profitability with dividend payout and negative relationship between signaling device, ownership, and taxes in Jordan.Fairchild (2010) worked on Dividend policy, signaling and free cash flow an integrated approach. Research er has tried to examine the dividend policy by taking only two hypothesis signaling and free cash flow. In order to understand the composite environment of dividend policy, signaling game is developed in which most of the information possesses by managers than investors about the quality of the firms. The signaling hypothesis shows that asymmetric information between managers and investor, dividend work as signal regarding current performance and future prospect. The study found that high dividend has positive effect on the firm performance, in term of providing a positive signal for current performance and as will as future scenario. In addition, dividend payout reduces the free cash flow problem, which may attract the manager to invest in negative NPV project for personal interest. But if the project shows positive NPV so investment opportunities are available which lead toward the higher dividend in future.Gill, Nahum, and Rajendra (2010) worked on determinants of dividend payout ratio in United States. In this study researcher extend the Amidu and Joshua, and Anil and Kapoor finding for the American service and manufacturing firms. Researcher took same variables into account such as profitability, tax, market to book value, cash flow, and sale growth. The sample size was 266 out of 500 financial reports. According to the researcher dividend payout ratio of manufacturing firms is the function of profit margin, tax, and market to book value ratio. It was also found that result differ when the dividend payout ratio was defined as the ratio between after tax cash flow and cash dividend, not considering after tax earning of the companies.Reddy (2006), studied the dividend behavior of Indian companies, movement, and determinants and struggled to decide the behavior of the companies listed at Bombay Stock Exchange with theassist of trade off theory and signaling theory hypothesis. According to researcher analysis of dividend trend depicted that stock traded on Ne w York Stock Exchange and Bombay Stock Exchange indicated that percentage of companies paying dividend has declined from 60.5% in 1990 to 32.1% in 2001 and there is only few companies paying dividend constantly. Beside that firms paying dividend are more profitable, large in size, and having enough growth. Indian context did not represent corporate tax and ax preference theory. Lastly the dividend change indicated signal to current and lagged earning performance rather than future earning performance.Baker, Farrelly and Edelman (1986) studied New York Stock Exchange 318 firms. According to the researchers main determinants of dividend payments were expected future earning and picture of past dividend. Gitman and Pruitt (1991) asked 1000 largest US firms financial managers and concluded present and precedent year earning were significant determinants effect dividend payment. According to Baker and Powell (2000) survey companies listed on New York Stock Exchange were industry explicit and predicted level of future income was the main factor of dividend payoutAnil and Kapoor (2008) studies Indian information technology sector for determinants of dividend payout ratio. The phase for study 2000-2006 encompass both recessionary and booming phase of Indian information technology sector. Researcher concluded that beta and liquidity was discovered a notable determinant of dividend payout ratio. In addition, authors concluded that due to recession from 2003 onwards IT sector observed exponential growth, and it was anticipated linear growth in IT sector after 2006.Recently in Pakistani perspective, Ahmed and Attiya (2009) investigated sample of 320 non-financial firms listed on Karachi Stock Exchange from 2001 to2006.Researchers concluded Pakistani companies dependent more on current earning than past dividend. In addition, authors highlighted few predictors that may affect payout policies. Firstly, the finding demonstrated companies containing high profit with consisten t earning can manage larger amount of free cash flow as a result to payout larger dividend. The firms having larger investment chance can easily affect and have a significant role in determinants of dividend payout policy in Pakistan. The companies paid more dividends to shareholders where inside ownership exist. Ownership structure has considered major factor in determining dividend policy in Pakistan. Beside that dividend payout was not affected pay growth of the firms and market liquidity has a significant impact on dividend payout. Furthermore, size was significant determinants for dividend payout that means companies invest in assets relatively paying dividends to its stockholders.2.1 Dividend irrelevance theoryMiller and Modigliani (1961) proposed that dividend policy is irrelevant to the shareholder and stockholder wealth was constant in the world of perfect market condition and any growth in the current payout is financed by literally priced stock sales. The basic assumption was that management paid 100 percent payout in every period. Other assumptions were as follow.First, market is perfect capital market that means there were no taxes on transaction cost, single buyer and seller not influenced price and everyone have free access to information.Second, investors are rational and value of securities was based on the discounted future cash flow to investor.Third, manager act as a agent of shareholders, and there was no uncertainty about the investment policy of the firm.2.2 Bird-in-hand theoryAl-Malkawi (2007) emphasized that dividend valued differently from retained earnings (capital gains) in world of ambiguity and irregularity information. A bird in hand (dividend) is valued more than two in the bush (capital gain)?. Investors always preferred dividends to retained earnings due to uncertainty of future cash flow. Although, this controversy has been extensively condemned and has not get strong empirical base, but, it was supported by Gordon and Shapir o (1956), Lintner (1962), and Walter (1963). The basic assumptions were as followedFirstly, investors have inadequate information regarding the profitability of a firm.Secondly, cash dividend was taxed at a higher rate when capital gain was realized on the sale of share.Thirdly, dividend serves as a signal of expected cash flow.2.3 Agency cost and free cash flow theoryRoss (2008) define agency cost is the cost of the conflict of interest that exists among shareholders and management. It was happened when management act for own interest rather than shareholders interest who own the firm. This could be direct and indirect. It was in contrast to assumption of Millar and Modigliani (1961) that mangers act as an agent of shareholders. This is somewhat dubious, as the owners of the firm are different from the management. Managers are bound to carry out some activities, which could be costly to shareholders, such as undertaking unprofitable investments that would yield excessive returns to them, and unnecessarily high management compensation (Al-Malkawi, 2007). These costs are borne by shareholders therefore, shareholders of firms with excess free cash flow would require high dividend payments instead. Agency cost may also arise between shareholders and bondholders while shareholders require more dividends, bondholders require fewer dividends than shareholders by putting in place a debt covenant to ensure availability of cash for their debt repayment. Easterbrook (1984) also identified two agency costs the cost of monitoring managers and the cost of risk reluctance on the part of managers. Jensens free cash flow/overinvestment hypothesis (1988) provides a surrogate description for the positive association between the direction of the dividend change and the stock price reaction. Jensen argues that managers tend to hold cash to invest in negative NPV projects for their own utility maximization. The agency costs that result from this overinvestment decrease the value o f the firm. Like the signaling hypothesis, the FCF argument suggests there should be a positive relationship is the direction of the dividend policy change and the stock price reaction. However, the FCF argument differentiates itself with respect to the level of growth opportunities faced by the firm. If a firm initiated a cash dividend, FCF arguments postulate there are fewer funds available for costly overinvestment. Likewise, if company didnt pay dividend, the strongest form of a decrease would reduce the value of the firm because there are more funds available to invest in less present value projects. The FCF hypothesis assumes larger stock price volatility for the firms who have few growth opportunities as compared to the firms with many growth opportunities.There is disagreement between different researchers on dividend policy. Allen and Rachim (1996) in Australia found no significant association between stock price volatility and divided policy. According to Gordon (1963) the stock price volatility is influenced by dividend payout. The firms who pay large dividend have minimum risks in terms of stock price value. Some of hypothetical mechanism also suggests the universal relationship of dividend yield and dividend payout ratio with stock price volatility.Jensens and Meckling (1976) developed Agency cost argument which proposed that dividend payout lower the cost of funds and increase the cash flows for the company. The company after paying cash dividends to stock holders would have less cash in hands of the managers to invest at below the cost of capital.According to Asquith and Mullin (1983), Born, Moser, and Officer (1984) and Miller and Rock (1985) dividend declaration provide information to the share holders to forecast the financial position of the company and the present firms earnings. This also depends on the source of information that either it is doubtful or not to respond on announcement of dividend. Hence, there remains disagreement till yet , the relation of dividend yield and stock price volatility and it is still unexplained and is considered as debatable in corporateCHAPTER 3RESEARCH METHODS3.1 Method of Data CollectionRequired data was collected from Karachi Stock Exchange as given by State Bank of Pakistan in publication of Balance Sheet Analysis of Joint Stock Companies Listed on the KSE (2005-2009). The period of study covered five years, 2005-09. The sample size of 100 non-financial firms was taken from all non financial firm listed at KSE. The required sample was chosen on the basis of cash dividend paid by firms at-least for two years. The sample represents major industry.3.2 Sample SizeSample of 100 non-financial firms was collected from KSE. Sample consisted of firms which paid cash dividend for at least two years. Firms that was selected for study represented all major industries functioning in Pakistan and listed at KSE from 2005-2009. The impact of the cash flow and profitability on dividend payout was e xamined on selected sample of 100 non-financial firms.3.3 Research Model DevelopedThere were various financial factors of the non-financial firms which affected the Dividend payout of the firms. This research study investigated the impact of free cash flow and profitability on the dividend payout.3.3.1 Dividend payoutDividend payout and dividend amount are taken as the dependent variables. Since dividend payout is the generally used alternative for dividend policy, almost every financial researcher has used payout as a proxy for corporate dividend policy (See for example Gugler, 2003 Reddy and Rath, 2005 Papadopoulos, 2007 Al-Malkawi, 2007 Ahmed Attiya, 2009). In order to calculate dividend payout was calculated as cash dividend per share divided by earning per share.3.3.2 Earning per shareAccording to Hafeez and Attiya (2009) high profitability with constant earnings can manage to pay for larger free cash flows as a result to pay out larger dividends. The earnings per share after t ax were used as independent variable. Earning per share after tax was used because dividend has been paid after interest, taxes and after depreciation and calculated as net earnings divided by number of shares.H1 There is significant impact of earning per share on dividend payout3.3.3 Return on EquityThis variable is used in different previous studies such as Abor (2005), Miller (2007), Al-Ajmi et al. (2009), and Ebaid (2009) etc. Some authors measured profitability or performance by three measurements such Gross profit margin (GPM), Return on Equity (ROE), and Return on Assets (ROA) and same predictors Ebaid (2009). Likely results with this variable are same as revealed by Abor (2005) and Ebaid (2009) such as Significance and positive relationship with dividend payout. Return on Equity is considered best measure of firm profitability. Return on Equity (ROE) is one measure of how efficiently a company uses its assets to produce earnings. ROE was calculated by dividing Net Income min us preferred dividend by Share holder equityH2 There is significant impact of Return on Equity on dividend payout.3.3.4 Free Cash flowAccording to Jensens (1986) free cash flow hypothesis, companies choose to use their cash resources to invest in profitable projects first dividend is paid out of residual. From a companys point of view, cash generated from operations plays an important role in deciding the level of payout, among all three sources of cash flows i.e. operating investing and financing, cash generated from operations is considered as most desirable source of funds for the company for distribution of dividends. Anil and Sujjata (2008) also found cash flow from operations as the most significant determinant of dividend policy in Indian IT industry. Ameasure of financial performance calculated as Net income minus depreciation minus change in working capital minus change in capital expenditure. Free cash flow (FCF) represents the cash that a company is able to generate after placing out the money required to maintain or expand its asset base.Freecash flow is important because itallows a company topursue opportunities that enhance shareholder value.H3 There is a significant impact of free cash flow on dividend payout.The model developed was a linear model and its specifications are provided belowDiv payout = a0 a1EPS + a2ROE + a3FCF + Dividend payout = Dividend per share divided by earning per shareEPS = Net income divided by number of share outstandingROE =Net income minus preferred dividend divided by common shareholder equityFCF =Net income minus Depreciation minus change in working capital minus change in Capital expenditure = error term3.4 Statistical TechniqueMultiple Linear Regression Analysis (MLR) technique was used for this research study to examine the impact of the distinctive financial characteristics of the non-financial firms on their dividend payout of the selected firms Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for the examination of the secondary data.CHAPTER 4RESULTThe sample of 100 non-financial firms from Karachi Stock Exchange was taken into consideration. This research study used multiple regression analysis (MLR). Researcher examined the behavior of non-financial firms of KSE about dividend payout. The selected technique was used to study the impact of cash flow and profitability on dividend payout.4.1 Finding and Interpretation of the resultsIn the beginning, the regression technique was applied on collected data by using SPSS, and there was no single variable was significant. It was clear from the result that there was the high co-linearity among the independent variables of the dividend payout and this means there was strong interrelationship present among the predictors. Return on assets and net profit margin was omitted from the data, thus, the issue of co-linearity was resolved.Now, proceeding with the analysis of the results because issue of co-linearity was addressed. The interpret ation and analysis is presented in the next sections of this research study.Table 4.1 Model SummaryModRR Sq.Adj. R Sq.1.289.084.078Tables 4.1 depict the summary about the regression model. The R square of 8.4% showed that all the predictors of dividend payout together explained 8.4% variation in the dependent variable and the remaining variation was unexplained or hidden predictor were not included in the model.TABLE 4.2ANOVAModelSum of SquaresdfMean SquareFSig.1Regression31503.936310501.31215.236.000aResidual345316.428501689.254Total376820.364504The table 4.2 checked the significance of the linear regression model in such a way that the reliability of the data file regarding the applicability of the regression technique can be understood from the above table however, ANOVA table was reliable test of checking the linear regression models ability to explain any variation in the dependent variable of liquidity. This was perfectly obvious from the sig value of .000 that meant that the linear regression model was highly significant for the data collected for the research study conducted. In addition, ANOVA explained that all means are not equal.In table4.3 the final model of regression included only three independent variable that were free cash flow, earning per share, and return on equity These variables were included in the model due to highly significantly describing the relation with dependent variable dividend payout. Returns on equity and free cash flow have positive impact on dividend, while earning per share has negative impact on dividend payout.4.2 Hypothesis Assessment SummaryThe hypothesis of research was unique financial factors had significant impact on the non-financial firms dividend payout decision. These financial characteristics were cash flow taken as free cash flow of firms and profitability taken as earning per share and return on Equity of firms. This research tasted individual financial characteristics and concluded the result as follow.TA BLE 4.4 Hypothesis Assessment SummaryS.No.HypothesisSIG.RESULTH1There is significant impact of free cash flow on dividend payout..001.005AcceptedH2There is significant impact of Return on equity on dividend payout..216000AcceptedH3There is significant impact of Earning per Share on dividend payout.-.123.016AcceptedH4There is significant impact of Return on Assets on dividend payout..340.170RejectedH5There is significant impact of Net profit margin on dividend payout.-.034.530RejectedCHAPTER 5DISCUSSIONS, IMLICATION, FUTURERESEARCH AND CONCLUSION5.1ConclusionIt was concluded with support of results of this research study return on equity, earning per share, and free cash flow were significant independent variables in Pakistani market. These result were matching with the study under taken by Hafeez and Attiya (2009) in Pakistani context, Researchers concluded firms with high profitability and with stable earning can afford larger free cash flow therefore pay out larger dividends to it s shareholder. In addition, Talat and Hammad (2010) examined the ownership structure and cash flow as determinants of dividend policy. Researchers concluded that companies in which high proportion of share were occupied by managers and individual were more reluctant of pay high dividends. In contrast, companies in which managerial and individual ownership is low paid less dividends. It was also concluded that companies having high operating cash flow increase companies potential to pay high dividend and it was considered cash flow sensitivity reduce the companies payout but still it was not determined as potential determinants of corporate payout in Pakistan.5.2 DiscussionsProfitability and free cash flow could lay significant impact on dividend payout in Pakistani context. Hafeez and Attiya(2009) was also considered profitability as significant determinant of dividend payout, But study conducted by Talat and Hammad (2010) concluded operating cash flow cannot consider significant de terminant of dividend payout in Pakistani market.This research considered that free cash flow and profitability measured through earning per share and returns on equity have significant impact on dividend payout of the companies.5.3 Implication and RecommendationsThis research was encompasses non-financial companies listed on Karachi Stock Exchange Pakistan. The required data collected from 100 non-financial firms listed at KES for the period of 2005 t0 2009. Only firms were included in samples which were paid cash dividend for atleast two years. It is recommended that such type of study should be carried out in other countries of Asia. Further, it also recommended that other determinants except one analyzed in this study should be researched in more extensive manner so the dividend payout policy and its dynamics became clearer.5.4 Future ResearchThis research addressed the problems of investor, management and other researcher conductor in examining and observing the behavior of fir m regarding their payout decisions. Research students who want to work further on dividend payout could be benefited by this study. In addition, all non financial firms will get benefit from this study because this research study taken all major sectors into the consideration and study clarified the impact of free cash flow and profitability on dividend payout.