Fischer Esterification of Isopentyl Acetate

Fischer Esterification of Isopentyl Acetate Brendaliz Bonilla Chemistry Department Susquehanna University Abstract Esters are prepared in many ways and one of which is through Fischer Esterification. Using this method, esters are produced by refluxing a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of a concentrated acid catalyst.1 The purpose of reflux is to heat a reaction mixture at its boiling temperature to form products, without losing any of the compounds in the reaction flask. To exploit Le Chateliers principle and shift the position of the equilibrium to the right, an excess of one of the reactants were added to the reaction mixture.1 The reaction mechanism involves initial protonation of the carboxyl group, nucleophilic attack by the hydroxyl, proton transfer, and loss of water followed by loss of the catalyzing acid to produce the ester.2 The process is thermodynamically controlled yielding the most stable ester product. Typically, only primary and secondary alcohols are used in the Fisher method since tertiary alcohols are prone to elimination.3 In this lab, a Fisher Esterification w as performed to synthesize isopentyl acetate from isopentyl alcohol and acetic acid as seen in figure 1. Figure 1: Reaction scheme of the preparation of isopentyl acetate by Fischer Esterification. Experimental Instruments Used: A Nicolet IR 100 FT-IR was used in this experiment. Procedure and Observations: A mixture of 5.0mL (4.111g) of isopentyl alcohol, 7.0mL of glacial acetic acid, and 1mL of concentrated sulfuric acid was added to a 25mL round-bottomed flask.   The round-bottomed flask was hooked to the reflux apparatus and the mixture was brought to a boil for an hour. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, placed into an ice bath, and put in a separatory funnel with 10mL of water.   The funnel was shaken vigorously and vented several times.   The bottom layer was drained from the separatory funnel into a beaker.   5mL of 5% sodium bicarbonate was then put into the separatory funnel.   The separatory funnel was shaken and vented several times.   The bottom layer was drained into the same beaker.   5mL of saturated sodium chloride was added to the contents of the separatory funnel.   The separatory funnel was shaken and vented several times.   The bottom layer was drained into a differen t beaker.   The mixture that was left in the separatory funnel was transferred to an Erlenmeyer flask with 1g of anhydrous sodium sulfate.   The flask was corked and was left to sit for 10 to 15 minutes.   The mixture was transferred to another Erlenmeyer flask and .503g of anhydrous sodium sulfate was added.   A distillation apparatus was assembled with the receiving flask immersed in an ice bath.   The mixture was transferred into a round-bottomed flask and attached to the distillation apparatus.   The product that was now in the receiving flask was then weighed.   The percent yield was determined and an IR was done on the product. Results and Discussion At the end of the experiment, a successful esterification was performed from the starting acetic acid, using isopentenyl alcohol to make the product of Isopentyl acetate. The reactants were heated using a reflux apparatus so that the product would not be lost, helping serve as a catalyst in the reaction.1 Any remaining water left over from the esterification process was dried using anhydrous sodium sulfate. The ester, isopentyl acetate was synthesized, which had the smell of bananas. In this experiment, 3.99 g of isopentyl acetate was formed by the direct esterification of acetic acid with isopentyl alcohol, as seen in table 1. The sulfuric acid was used as a catalyst in the reaction. Table 1: The weight of the final product collect, percent yield, and result of the IR spectrum. Weight (grams) 3.99 g Percent yield 61.8% IR Peaks (cm-1) 2954, 1747, 1231, and 1056 cm-1 An excess of isopentyl acetate was used to shift the reaction to the right so that esterification could occur. During isolation, the excess acetic acid and isopentyl alcohol was removed with sodium bicarbonate, and the isopentyl acetate was further purified after through drying with anhydrous sulfate and through distillation. The excess acetic acid was used in order for the reaction to favor esterification. An excess of isopentyl alcohol could have been used instead to form isopentyl acetate; however excess acetic acid is easier to remove from the products than isopentyl alcohol because isopentyl acetate and isopentyl alcohol are similar in structure and therefore, prefer to be in the same layer of the solution. Since sodium carbonate is a base, it is used in the extraction of acetic acid because it turns acetic acid into a conjugate base or sodium acetate which is more soluble in water. The equation for this acid-base extraction is: CH3COOH+NaCHO3à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢CH3COO-Na + H2CO3 . The percent yield of the isopentyl acetate was 61.9 % (as seen in table 1) with a theoretical yield of 6.44g. In the experiment, the acetic acid was in excess and the isopentyl alcohol was the limiting reagent, therefore, the reaction depended on the amount of isopentyl alcohol available. This experiment was successful because the smell of bananas was achieved along with the percent yield attained of 61.9%. Some of the errors that might have occurred included not properly/fully draining the aqueous layers after the reflux, and that the solution may have not completely dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate. For the IR spectrum data, the -C-CO 2R stretch characteristic of an ester is visible in the pure isopentyl acetate IR spectrum in the 1735-1745 cm -1 range. The -C-H stretches are visible just below 3000 cm -1, and the -C-O and -CO 2 stretches appear as several peaks in the 1050-1300 cm -1 range, which can be seen in Appendix E. The product resulted in major IR peaks at 2954, 1747, 1 231, and 1056 cm-1. These results indicate that our isopentyl acetate product is very pure, as the peaks are nearly identical to the expected peaks. The peak at 2954 indicates the C-H bond. The peak at 1747 indicates the aldehyde (C=O). The peak at 1231 indicates methyl group. The peak at 1056 indicates residual acetic acid (R-Cl), which can be seen on Appendix D-G. Conclusion The major product that was formed from the Fischer Esterification of isopentyl alcohol and acetic acid was isopentyl acetate. This is because the ester formed is the equatorial position, which makes the compound more stable than cis-4-tert-butylcyclohexanol. Based on the experiment that was conducted the synthesis of isopentyl acetate from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol could be done by a Fisher Esterification reaction, and the percent yield of the product is about 61.9%. References Experiment 4 Background. Experiment 4 Background. Web. Accessed: 15 Feb. 2017. http://www.reed.edu/chemistry/alan/201_202/lab_manual/Expt_banana_oil/background.html. Mutual Solubility of Water and Aliphatic Alcohols. Mutual Solubility of Water and Aliphatic Alcohols Journal of Chemical Engineering Data (ACS Publications). Web. Accessed: 15 Feb. 2017. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/je00037a019. Alcohol Reactivity. Alcohol Reactivity. Web. Accessed:17 Feb. 2017. https://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/virttxtjml/alcohol1.htm. Appendix A: Finding the Limiting Reagent Grams X 1 mol / molecular weight = moles of reactant Glacial Acetic Acid: 8.5 mL X ((1 g/1 mL) X 1 mol) / 60.05 g/mol = 0.142 mol Isopentyl Alcohol: (4.37 g X 1 mol) / 88.15 g/mol = 0.0459 mol Appendix B: Calculating Theoretical Yield of Isopentyl Acetate (Moles of limiting reagent X molar ratio X molecular weight of product) / 1 mol = theoretical yield (0.0459 X 130.19) / 1 mol = 6.44 g Appendix C: Calculating Percent Yield (Actual / theoretical) X 100% = percent yield (3.99 g/ 6.44 g) X 100% = 61.9%

Crime decreases; student population increases in Mission Hill over the past decade :: Journalism Journalistic Essays

Crime decreases; student population increases in Mission Hill over the past decade "When I first started here, the area was so bad, that we had patrolling guard dogs. Now, the crime has gone down so much, and the neighborhood has become a better place," said Dave Welch, a 30-year resident of Mission Hill, member of the Mission Hill Crime Committee, and head of security for the New England Baptist Hospital, located on top of the neighborhood known as Mission Hill. Mission Hill is located in Roxbury, a part of Boston, and has been known in the past to have a bad reputation of being a tough area of crime and poverty. Many residents believe that the neighborhood's name was tainted after the murder of Carol Stuart in 1989. Her husband was found as the killer, but the media attention of the homicide brought negative connotations to the neighborhood, according to Mary Todd, a member of the Mission Hill Crime Committee and life long resident of Boston. "The Stuart murder a while back made the city focus on Mission Hill as an area that was overridden with crime, but they came from somewhere else to here. They weren't from here," says Todd. All crime in the neighborhood of Mission Hill has decreased over the past decade according to the analysis of 10 years worth of crime statistic reports from the Boston Police Department. The entire city is divided into 12 districts, and Mission Hill is part District B-2. Also included in District B-2 are parts of Fenway and parts of Roxbury. "Mission Hill is part of District B-2, the statistics are representative of that area, as well as others in the Fenway and parts of Roxbury. You can't use the data as strictly representative of Mission Hill, but it gives you a good reference," said Detective Barbara Bowie. Both property crime, and violent crime, which this article is focused on, has decreased in District B-2, of which Mission Hill is a part of, by 40% over the past decade. The greatest decline was in aggravated assault, a 67% change from 1993 through 2002. "Six or seven years ago, it was kind of bad," said Abi Panicker, a bartender at Pat Flanagan's, located at the foot of Mission Hill. "The biggest fight I have ever seen here was about two years ago. There were 30 people that spilled outside and across the T tracks.

“Chicago” by Carl Sandburg Essay

In The Poem â€Å"Chicago†, the poet Carl Sandburg uses personification, diction, and imagery to show his love and pride for his home city of Chicago. In the first stanza â€Å"HOG Butcher for the World, / Tool Maker, Stacker of Wheat, / Player with Railroads and the Nation’s Freight Handler; / Stormy, husky, brawling, / City of the Big Shoulders:†(1-5), Sandburg uses personification to tell the reader how important his city is to the rest of the nation by listing the important jobs done there. The last two lines of the first stanza also allude to the power of Chicago. Another strong element used by Sandburg is diction. The words Sandburg uses to express his feelings about Chicago are powerful and emotional. Sanburg uses strong diction in the second stanza, â€Å"They tell me you are wicked†¦/And they tell me you are crooked†¦/And they tell me you are brutal†(6-8). In theses lines. Words like â€Å"brutal†, â€Å"crooked†, and â€Å"wicked† could have all easily been replaced with simpler less emotion evoking words like â€Å"bad†, but Sandburg wants the reader to feel a stronger connection to the poem and to Chicago its self. Sandburg also uses imagery in this poem to convey his feelings for Chicago. â€Å"Under the smoke, dust all over his mouth, laughing with / white teeth, (20).this is a power full image of someone who is dirty, maybe because of the hardships they have been through, yet is still smiling, happily and showing that they still have some clean untouched part of them selves left inside. Carl Sandburg uses Personification, imagery, and diction in â€Å"Chicago† to give people who doubt his city’s strength his idea of Chicago.

Hrm Assignment

Assignment 1 Question 1 i. Name and describe in your own words two such HRM challenges as discussed in class. (4 marks) Two of the challenges are technology and motivation. Technology challenge is a new change that HRM has to face when working in a corporate. Advanced technology changes HR practices such as recruitment, training and collecting information and so on. To specific, HR uses technology to work more efficiently than before. Therefore, in the information age, HR has to know how to use tech better or the organization would be fallen behind.Motivation also is a challenge for HR. One of HR’s responsibilities is encouraging employees working more passionately and earnest. If HR cannot drive them in their work, a company is likely to lose some talent employees. So increasing motivation is important and hard to do for HR. ii. For each named challenge, give a description of how an HRM professional may assist the company in responding to the presenting situation. (4 marks) H RM professional rely on new technology to recruit.For example, HR professionals can post jobs on the internet instead of on newspaper or Flyers. Thus, applicants around the world can know the jobs and try to employ, the corporate would have more chances to have capable workers. For training, technical utilities help new staffs to be trained better. They can learn more professional skills and practice software in training programs by PowerPoint and video. For data storage, â€Å"The use of electronic imaging has made it possible for companies to store and retrieve files in an electronic format† (Lewis, 2001).Tech has been saved HR professionals’ time in organizing information statistics. About motivation challenge that HRM has to deal, HR professionals must be capable to recognize what the employees’ advantages are and how to distribute their tasks. Under the detailed division of labor, HR manager can inspire their working enthusiasm to increase productivity. A H R manager is a leader to conduct the labors to show their talents and guide them for the effectiveness of the company. However, it is a huge challenge for HR professionals.Once a HR manager does not arrange accurately the division of labor, a company is likely to be fallen behind. Therefore, motivation challenge is always significant and difficult for HR professionals. iii. For one of your named challenges, explain whether you think the HRM manager’s response is â€Å"proactive† or â€Å"reactive†. (2 marks) In my opinion, technology challenge is proactive for the HRM manager. Technology not only makes work period shorten, but increases job competition. Tech has promoted society including HRM.Question 2 Name and define in your own words the competency you think is being shown in this HR generalist’s work. (2 marks) I think organizing ability is required in the HR generalist’s work. Organizing ability is keeping a scenario run in the normal order an d maintaining members in a group do their works disciplined and in order. Why in your opinion is this competency important for the HRM generalist to have in a company setting, particularly in light of the importance of productivity enhancements discussed in Chapter 1? 3 marks) Organizing ability is significant because HRM generalists need to organize the employees to serve the company and increase productivity. Productivity is depending on ability, motivation and work environment. A HR generalist who has organizing ability can distribute labor’s work correctly so that they can develop their talents and promote their motivation in work. Under such positive work atmosphere, more employees will be influenced and continue work earnestly. Thus, productivity will be enhanced. Therefore, organizing ability is vital for HR generalists.

Dialogue Essays

Dialogue Essays Dialogue Essay Dialogue Essay Doctor: HI, what seems to be the problem? Patient: IVe been having a chest pain for about four hours. Doctor: 0k and did you have any other problems? Patient: Yes, during my sleep I was woken up by a pressure in the middle of my chest, and it spread to the left shoulder and back four hours ago. I also had shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, and vomiting. Doctor: The pressure in the middle of your chest is a retrosternal pain. Did you take any medication during that time? Patient: Yes, I took three tablets of nitro glycerol and tried to rest but it did not help. Doctor: It ays on your file that you were admitted by ambulance. Your ECG results show a ST elevation in II, Ill, aVF, and CK-MB higher than normal. Did you have any fever, disturbance of consciousness, cough, or abdominal pain? Patient: No, I didnt have any such problems. However my appetite and sleep were bad. Doctor: Did you have any diarrhea or trouble urinating? Patient: No diarrhea and my urine was normal. Doctor: Do you have any past medical conditions? Patient: IVe never had any serious troubles in the past or allergies either. Doctor: 0k thats good, tell me a little about your personal history. Patient: I was born in Dalian, China and got married when I was 26. My wife and children are healthy. I smoked 20 cigarettes per day for 25 years and IVe also been drinking alcohol for 1 5 years. Doctor: Alright, what about your family history? Patient: Both my maternal and paternal grandparents are deceased although Im not sure of the age or cause of death. My mother died of acute myocardial infarction at 53 and my father died of stroke at 45. He had a family history of diabetes, coronary heart disease and hypertension. Doctor: 0k this was very helpful. Now we will run some tests Just to confirm the condition.

Diversity Management is the Key to Growth Essays

Diversity Management is the Key to Growth Essays Diversity Management is the Key to Growth Essay Diversity Management is the Key to Growth Essay Why is diversity management a potentially important topic for business organizations to address, and what initiatives can be used to achieve management objectives Diversity Is linked to equal opportunities and positive action, but these terms are not exactly the same. Equal Opportunities refers to giving everyone the same opportunities, regardless of their race, religion, age, sex and country of roller. For example, According to the Sloane new, Minister Mentor Lee Guan Yew said that Singapore gives everyone the opportunity to do well and so it has a harmonious society. He pointed out that the community had done well over the years under Singapore meritocracy system, he said The government has not disadvantaged any minority group. We are a multi-racial and multi-religious society. We give everyone the opportunity to do well, and thus we have a harmonious society. ( HYPERLINK http//www. Asinine. Com www. Asinine. Com. 04 July 2010). In contrast, positive action is about treating diverse groups differently to give greater opportunities to those in target groups. Positive action is action related to employment and training opportunities where an organization can priorities recruitment of, for example, minority ethnic people over people from the majority ethnic group. The concept of diversity can be refers to difference between Individual. Individual are difference In their skills, gender, tenure, learning styles, language, race, mental health and etc. These differences influence the way of working of each individual. We may find their difference in workplace. Diversity management refers to systematic and planned commitment on the part of organizations to recruit and retain employees from averse demographic background. (Thomas 1992). The focus of this essay question is on managing diversity rather than equal opportunities. Therefore, I will now describe diversity management is a potentially important topic for business organizations for many reasons. I will explain five of them to avoid wastage in time, money and resources to grow certain aspects of organizational culture such as innovation and learning to Improve corporate image, for example to sell more reliably Into diverse communities to Improve problem solving through creative abrasion and finally, to Increase understanding and flexible management of people with diverse needs, thereby attracting and retaining a wider pool of talent. Ignoring managing diversity would lead an organization waste time, money, resources and affecting organization effectiveness. Discrimination, unfairness treatment and bullying will lead to the employee dissatisfaction, organization force to spend time on dispute and grievance processes. As a result, this will caused high labor turnover, absenteeism and loss of productivity. Recruitment and training for re-hire new employee incurred higher cost. Organization should create a mutual respect climate for preventing discrimination, unfairness and bullying. For example, the female who apply for promotion have met the criteria but have been rejected due to her gender, where the successful candidate Is the male. This female sues for case under employment equality act, 1998. In this process, an organization force to spend additional time, money and people for responsible to settle down this case. Furthermore, Cox and Blake (1991) argued that the effective management of diversity can create a creativity and innovation, market success, and organizational flexibility. Good diversity management is claimed by some to lead to more innovation and continue learning culture, therefore, increase the profitability and good image of company. Diverse employees can provide different points of view, ideas and perspectives for organization product, primary tasks redefine market potential, organization vision, mission and value. This leads to the organization becoming more creative and innovative. Diversity within the organization helps to improve corporate image whereby the company is more likely to be seen to cater for different customers in society. Employees may increase their appreciation for different customer needs, therefore improving customer service and satisfaction. For example, if a companys client is Thai, and they deal with an employee who is Thai, there may be some shared understanding of what the customer wants and needs. Creative abrasion means two ideas in total opposition to each other. Such opposing ideas can sometimes help a group identify the best solutions, opportunities for new products or brands. Therefore, there is an argument that organizations need a heterogeneous team to access different perspectives, thinking styles and skills. In this way, new ideas will keep being injected into the organization. A wide variety of ideas will lead the group into positive conflict and help the organization to become more innovative. Organizations need to attract high caliber people. Being seen to manage diversity well means that an organization may increase its attractiveness to a wider diversity of people applying for Jobs. This is important as to stay competitive an organization is constantly trying to develop its talent pool. Ensuring that the potential pool of antedates is as wide as possible will help this. Organizations that gain a reputation for valuing and respecting a diverse range of staff may become more attractive to candidates. This includes an expectation that the organization will recognize that everyone have a different needs. For example, McDonalds pioneering scheme allows employees to share their Jobs with family members, so that a persons husband or wife, grandparents and children who are over 16 can Job share without notifying the management. This flexibility has reduced the level of sick leave and creates a work fife balance for employees. The second part of the question asks for examples of initiatives that have been used to achieve management objectives in the area of diversity. I will discuss four types of initiative diversity training and workshops the use of a diversity management project team rewards for diversity management support mechanisms for diversity groups. First, the organization must communicate what is diversity is and what the organization hopes to achieve by managing it more effectively. Employees often misunderstand the purpose of diversity training aerogramme and do not understand the business benefits of diversity management. Multicultural workshops are one way of improving understanding and communication between cultural groups. Training is also important for senior managers to ensure their understanding of, and commitment to, the diversity agenda. Organization can establish a diversity management (DIM) project team to co- ordinate action on diversity. The DIM project team should set clear goals with an appropriate structure of both the team and the project as a whole, along with scoping the project so that it is clear and not overambitious. Organizations can that have contributed to business benefits. These actions might include new product development, increased productivity, evidence of improved employee morale or decreased labor turnover. Support groups, mentoring, and relationship networks can be set up for women and cultural minorities. As mentioned above, organizations can create a climate where diversity groups feel respected and valued, and where there are clear support mechanisms to handle any challenges at work. In conclusion, diversity can bring numerous benefits to organizations nevertheless, we deed to learn how to manage it more effectively. Otherwise, diversity can lead to an uncomfortable climate, resulting in damaging conflict. Some writers claim that if an organization emphasizes managing diversity and equal opportunity, this will lead to improved organizational performance (Thomas, Ely 1996). Feedback on this essay Positives Takes account of both parts of the question Defines diversity and equal opportunities and positive action Gives examples to illustrate the different points made Well-structured with an introduction, clear paragraphs with one main point in ACH paragraph and a conclusion Uses four references (you should consider 3-4 as a minimum number references to web-sites do not count as academic references but do count as examples) Points for improvement Consider giving more in-depth paragraphs on at least some of your points. Four-line paragraphs are quite short. Aim to state your main point, explaining the theory, then back it up with reference to some academic writing, or a report from CUPID, give an example from an organization and ideally offer some critique (strengths and weaknesses) of your argument. I have edited a lot of the English in this essay but even so please do not consider the English to necessarily be completely correct. So long as I understand the points you are making, I will not penalties for use of English. My main suggestion for improvement would be to include more theory I. E. What writers have said, using models where possible, such as Gondolas MOSAIC and explain these models with examples.

Death Penalty Ethics Essay Sample

Death Penalty Ethics Essay Sample Death Penalty Ethics Essay The death penalty has a long history in the society. During older times, the death penalty was used in giving justice to grave crimes which gave the idea that grave crimes definitely cost people their lives. The discourse on death penalty involves different concepts in the society especially ethics and morality. In the context of ethics and morality, capital punishment is never seen as the righteous way to achieve justice. This follows the idea that taking one’s life is equated to devaluing it. Of course, death penalty also exists in a religious context. Throughout history, the Church has been prominent in voicing out its strong opinion against capital punishment. Despite this, history also says the Church has somewhat given the state civil liberties in how justice is practiced. In these juxtaposing concepts, it is seen that the issue of capital punishment is an issue that gathers strong opposing opinions which identifies it as an important moral and ethical problem. The Ethics of Capital Punishment The ethical constraint that lies within capital punishment is the idea of life being taken willfully from an individual. For many, this follows a barbaric form of the justice system just like the â€Å"eye for an eye† concept. Furthermore, in the case of religion, taking a life of another human being is already sin in itself which widens the moral grounding against capital punishment. In short, this form of penalty is not reasonable enough to be considered â€Å"right.† This thinking has developed over present times which produced progressive movements against capital punishment. Many consider that the uproar against capital punishment is mostly ruled by emotions but it is important to know that this is completely fine. The discourse on death will never be technical and emotions can be associated to the functionality of morality in the society. Morality speaks of what is right or wrong, based on our inherent perceptions of the society. Just like with other ethical issues, capital punishment is perceived as unjust because it does not truly bring justice to those who need it. On the other hand, it is only a premature form of vengeance that does not truly satisfy anyone. In light of this, it is important to explore the different underpinnings of capital punishment in the society and how different nations have legalized it despite the continuous retort of several advocacy groups. Capital Punishment in the Society In the United States, some states allow capital punishment as the highest level of crime punishment. This is dedicated to grave crimes such as murder and the likes. For some people, this form of punishment can be considered as a â€Å"grave† or excessive showcase of authoritarian power. It does not give space or reform for change in the society; rather it instills a sense of fear among people that is usually misguided. Aside from this, the idea itself of capital punishment tends to paint a picture of justice which is cut short. Of course, death is not the solution in achieving justice. In nations that approve of capital punishment, their reasoning lies in the idea that through death penalty, people would avoid making crimes that would lead to their death. State ruling also reasons out that through capital punishment, people would fear being involved in great crimes. For experts on crime and psychology, capital punishment may have an effect that is opposed to this belief. Criminals who get involved in grave crimes do not have time thinking of this sort of logic; criminals would be more focused on committing their crimes rather than the repercussions of their actions. Instead, capital punishment in itself can trigger more grave crimes for criminals would see the crimes they commit as their last. Of course, this is only one side of the story and this also proves the multi-faceted orientation of the discourse of capital punishment depending on what context it is situated in. Despite all this, when the discourse is focused on morality, the automatic understanding is tha t the death penalty is unreasonable. Cutting short the life of a criminal may be reasonable to the victims but this is a blinded perception of the justice system. Ultimately, the issue of death penalty continues to raise debates because of how life is connected to what is ethical and death penalty is just one of the many wherein ethics is erased.